Methods for producing polypeptides in enzyme-deficient mutants of fusarium venenatum

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods of producing a polypeptide, comprising: (a) cultivating a mutant of a parent  Fusarium venenatum  strain in a medium for the production of the polypeptide, wherein the mutant strain comprises a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide and one or more (several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, and alpA, wherein the one or more (several) genes are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient in the production of one or more (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease, respectively, compared to the parent  Fusarium venenatum  strain when cultivated under identical conditions; and (b) recovering the polypeptide from the cultivation medium. The present invention also relates to enzyme-deficient mutants of  Fusarium venenatum  strains and methods for producing such mutants.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains a Sequence Listing in computer readable form.The computer readable form is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods of producing polypeptides inenzyme-deficient Fusarium venenatum mutant strains, enzyme-deficientFusarium venenatum mutant strains, and methods of obtaining theenzyme-deficient Fusarium venenatum mutant strains.

2. Description of the Related Art

Fusarium venenatum has been shown to be useful as a host cell for therecombinant production of polypeptides having biological activity (WO96/00787, WO 97/26330). Fusarium venenatum hosts with the desirabletraits of increased protein expression and secretion may not necessarilyhave the most desirable characteristics for successful fermentation. Thefermentation may not be optimal because of the production of biologicalsubstances, e.g., enzymes, detrimental to the production, recovery, orapplication of a particular polypeptide of interest.

WO 99/60137 discloses trichothecene-deficient mutants of Fusariumvenenatum. WO 00/42203 discloses cyclohexadepsipeptide-deficient mutantsof Fusarium venenatum.

The present invention relates to improved Fusarium venenatum hosts thatcombine the capacity for expression of commercial quantities of apolypeptide of interest while being deficient in the production ofenzymes that can complicate recovery and downstream processing of thepolypeptide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of producing a polypeptide,comprising:

(a) cultivating a mutant of a parent Fusarium venenatum strain in amedium for the production of the polypeptide, wherein the mutant straincomprises a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide and one or more(several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, andalpA, wherein the one or more (several) genes are modified rendering themutant strain deficient in the production of one or more (several)enzymes selected from the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease, respectively,compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated underidentical conditions; and

(b) recovering the polypeptide from the cultivation medium.

In one aspect of the methods of producing a polypeptide, the mutantstrain further comprises one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1, whereinthe one or both genes are modified rendering the mutant strain deficientin the production of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

The present invention also relates to mutants of a parent Fusariumvenenatum strain, comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide andone or more (several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG,amyA, and alpA, wherein the one or more (several) genes are modifiedrendering the mutant strain deficient in the production of one or more(several) enzymes selected from the group consisting oforotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease, respectively, compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strainwhen cultivated under identical conditions.

In one aspect, the mutants of a parent Fusarium venenatum strain furthercomprise one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1, wherein the one or bothgenes are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient in theproduction of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

The present invention also relates to methods of obtaining mutants of aparent Fusarium venenatum strain, comprising:

(a) modifying one or more (several) genes selected from the groupconsisting of pyrG, amyA, and alpA; and

(b) identifying a mutant strain from step (a) wherein the one or more(several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, andalpA are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient in theproduction of one or more (several) enzymes selected from the groupconsisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase,and alkaline protease, respectively, compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

In one aspect, the methods of obtaining mutants of a parent Fusariumvenenatum strain further comprise modifying one or both of the genestri5 and dps1 rendering the mutant strain deficient in the production ofone or both enzymes trichodiene synthase and cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase, respectively, compared to the parent Fusarium venenatumstrain when cultivated under identical conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a restriction map of pDM156.2.

FIG. 2 shows a restriction map of pEmY21.

FIG. 3 shows a restriction map of pEmY23.

FIG. 4 shows a restriction map of pWTY1470-19-07.

FIG. 5 shows a restriction map of pWTY1515-2-01.

FIG. 6 shows a restriction map of pJaL504-[Bam HI].

FIG. 7 shows a restriction map of pJaL504-[Bgl II].

FIG. 8 shows a restriction map of pJaL574.

FIG. 9 shows a restriction map of pWTY1449-02-01.

FIG. 10 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1540-75-5.

FIG. 11 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1579-1-13.

FIG. 12 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1579-8-6.

FIG. 13 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1579-21-16.

FIG. 14 shows a restriction map of pAlLo1492-24.

FIG. 15 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1579-35-2.

FIG. 16 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1579-41-11.

FIG. 17 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1604-55-13.

FIG. 18 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1579-93-1.

FIG. 19 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1604-17-2.

FIG. 20 shows a restriction map of pEJG61.

FIG. 21 shows a restriction map of pEJG69.

FIG. 22 shows a restriction map of pEJG65.

FIG. 23 shows a restriction map of pMStr19.

FIG. 24 shows a restriction map of pEJG49.

FIG. 25 shows a restriction map of pEmY15.

FIG. 26 shows a restriction map of pEmY24.

FIG. 27 shows a restriction map of pDM257.

FIG. 28 shows a restriction map of pDM258.

FIG. 29 shows the relative lactose oxidase yields of transformants ofFusarium venenatum JfyS1643-95-04 (Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA).

FIG. 30 shows the relative alpha-amylase activity of transformants oftransformants of Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-95-04 (Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA).

FIG. 31 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1698-65-15.

FIG. 32 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1698-72-10.

FIG. 33 shows the relative alkaline protease activity of transformantsof Fusarium venenatum JfyS1763-11-01 (Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA ΔalpA).

FIG. 34 shows a restriction map of pJfyS1879-32-2.

FIG. 35 shows a restriction map of pJfyS111.

DEFINITIONS

Orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase: The term“orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase” is defined herein as aUTP:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) (EC 6.3.4.2) that catalyzes theconversion of ATP+UTP+NH₃ to ADP+phosphate+CTP. For purposes of thepresent invention, orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity isdetermined according to the method described by Liberman, 1956, Journalof Biological Chemistry 222: 765-775).

Alpha-amylase: The term “alpha-amylase” is defined herein as an1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.1) that catalyzes theendohydrolysis of 1,4-α-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharidescontaining three or more 1,4-α-linked D-glucose units. For purposes ofthe present invention, alpha-amylase activity is determined using4,6-ethylidene (G7)-p-nitrophenyl (G1)-alpha-D-maltoheptaside assubstrate and Sigma Chemical Co. Kit 577 (St. Louis, Mo., USA) at pH7.0.

Alkaline protease: The term “alkaline protease” is defined herein as aserine protease that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds inproteins. For purposes of the present invention, alkaline proteaseactivity is determined according to the procedure described in Example28.

Trichothecenes: The term “trichothecenes” is defined herein as a familyof sesquiterpene epoxides produced by a sequence of oxygenations,isomerizations, cyclizations, and esterifications leading fromtrichodiene to the more complex trichothecenes (Desjardins, Hohn, andMcCormick, 1993, Microbiological Reviews 57: 595-604). Trichothecenesinclude, but are not limited to, 2-hydroxytrichodiene,12,13-epoxy-9,10-trichoene-2-ol, isotrichodiol, isotrichotriol,trichotriol, isotrichodermol, isotrichodermin, 15-decalonectrin,3,15-didecalonectrin, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol,calonectrin, 3,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, 3,4,15-triacetoxyscirpenol,4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, 3-acetylneosolaniol, acetyl T-2 toxin, and T-2toxin; and derivatives thereof.

Trichodiene synthase: The term “trichodiene synthase” is defined hereinas a dextrin 6-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase that catalyses theisomerization-cyclization of farnesylpyrophosphate to form the bicyclicolefin trichodiene. For purposes of the present invention, trichodienesynthase activity is determined according to the procedure described byHohn and Beremand, 1989, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55:1500-1503.

The level of trichothecenes produced by a mutant Fusarium venenatumstrain of the present invention may be determined using methods wellknown in the art (see, for example, Rood et al., 1988, Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry 36: 74-79; Romer, 1986, Journal of theAssociation of Official Analytical Chemists 69: 699-703; McCormick etal., 1990, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56: 702-706).

Cyclohexadepsipeptides: The term “cyclohexadepsipeptides” is definedherein as a family of peptide-related compounds composed of hydroxy andamino acids linked by amide and ester bonds. The termcyclohexadepsipeptides includes, but is not limited to, enniatins.

Enniatins: The term “enniatins” is defined herein as a family ofcyclohexadepsipeptides composed of three D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acidresidues joined alternatively to L-amino acids or N-methyl-L-amino acidsto produce an 18-membered cyclic structure. Enniatins arecyclohexadepsipeptide phytoxins with ionophoretic properties produced byvarious species of actinomycetes and filamentous fungi, particularlystrains of Fusarium. The enniatins include, but are not limited to,enniatin A, A₁, B, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, C, D, E, and F; and derivativesthereof (Visconte et al., 1992, Journal of Agricultural and FoodChemistry 40: 1076-1082; Tomodo et al., 1992, Journal of Antibiotics 45:1207-1215), and mixed-type enniatins containing more than one species ofamino acid (Zocher et al. 1982, Biochemistry 21: 43-48).

The biosynthesis of enniatins is catalyzed by enniatin synthetase, whichis a large multifunctional enzyme that has all the essential functionsfor assembling enniatins from their primary precursors, i.e.,D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, a branched chain L-amino acid (e.g., valine,leucine, isoleucine), S-adenosylmethionine, and ATP (Reper et al., 1995,European Journal of Biochemistry 230: 119-126). The precursors(D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid and branched chain L-amino acid) areactivated as thioesters. Covalently bound substrate amino acid residuesare methylated under the consumption of S-adenosylmethionine. Thenpeptide bond formation and cyclization reactions occur.

Cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase: The term “cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase” is defined herein as a synthetase that catalyzes theproduction of a cyclohexadepsipeptide from D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, abranched chain L-amino acid (e.g., valine, leucine, isoleucine),S-adenosylmethionine, and ATP. For purposes of the present invention,cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity is determined by measuring theproduction of a cyclohexadepsipeptide according to the procedure ofZocher et al., 1982, Biochemistry 21: 43-48. Specifically, thecyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase is incubated with 1 mM valine, 0.2 mMS-adenosylmethionine, 0.2 mM D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, 4 mM ATP, and 4mM magnesium acetate in a total volume of 100 μl for 10 minutes at 37°C. in 50 mM MOPS pH 7.0. The amount of cyclohexadepsipeptide isdetermined as described in WO 2000/92203 based on the method of Viscontiet al., 1992, Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 40: 1076-1082.One unit of cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity is defined as 1.0μmole of cyclohexadepsipeptide produced per minute at 37° C., pH 7.0.

The level of cyclohexadepsipeptides can be determined according to themethod of Visconti et al., 1992, Journal of Agriculture and FoodChemistry 40: 1076-1082. Specifically, one ml of Fusarium venenatumcell-free culture broth is extracted twice with 2.0 ml of ethyl acetate.The combined organic extracts are evaporated to dryness under a streamof nitrogen gas and redissolved in 0.5 ml hexane. One microliter samplesare analyzed using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC/Series MSD system operatingin the electron impact (EI) mode. Samples are injected on-column andseparated utilizing a DB-5 capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film)employing a temperature program with heating from 120 to 300° C. at arate of 15° C./minute. For example, enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2, and B3are identified by m/z ratios for the (M⁺+H) ion of 682, 668, 640, 654,626, and 612, respectively.

Deficient: The term “deficient” is defined herein as a Fusariumvenenatum mutant strain that produces no detectable activity of one ormore (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting oforotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease and alternatively also one or both of the enzymes trichodienesynthase and cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions,or, in the alternative, produces preferably at least 25% less, morepreferably at least 50% less, even more preferably at least 75% less,and most preferably at least 95% less of one or more (several) enzymesselected from the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease and alternativelyalso one or both of the enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase than the parent Fusarium venenatumstrain when cultivated under identical conditions. The level of enzymeproduced by a Fusarium venenatum mutant strain of the present inventionmay be determined using methods described herein or known in the art.

The mutant Fusarium venenatum strain produces preferably at least about25% less, more preferably at least about 50% less, even more preferablyat least about 75% less, most preferably at least about 95% less, andeven most preferably no trichothecene than the corresponding parentfilamentous fungal cell when cultured under identical conditions. Theparent and mutant cells may be compared with regard to production of atrichothecene under conditions conducive for the production of apolypeptide of interest or under conditions conducive for the productionof a trichothecene.

The mutant Fusarium venenatum strain produces preferably at least about25% less, more preferably at least about 50% less, even more preferablyat least about 75% less, most preferably at least about 95% less, andeven most preferably no cyclohexadepsipeptide than the correspondingparent filamentous fungal cell when cultured under identical conditions.The parent and mutant cells may be compared with regard to production ofa cyclohexadepsipeptide under conditions conducive for the production ofa polypeptide of interest or under conditions conducive for theproduction of a cyclohexadepsipeptide.

Isolated polypeptide: The term “isolated polypeptide” as used hereinrefers to a polypeptide that is isolated from a source. In a preferredaspect, the polypeptide is at least 1% pure, preferably at least 5%pure, more preferably at least 10% pure, more preferably at least 20%pure, more preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60%pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, and most preferably atleast 90% pure, as determined by

SDS-PAGE.

Substantially pure polypeptide: The term “substantially purepolypeptide” denotes herein a polypeptide preparation that contains atmost 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, morepreferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably atmost 3%, even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%,and even most preferably at most 0.5% by weight of other polypeptidematerial with which it is natively or recombinantly associated. It is,therefore, preferred that the substantially pure polypeptide is at least92% pure, preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95%pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97%pure, more preferably at least 98% pure, even more preferably at least99% pure, most preferably at least 99.5% pure, and even most preferably100% pure by weight of the total polypeptide material present in thepreparation. The polypeptides of the present invention are preferably ina substantially pure form, i.e., that the polypeptide preparation isessentially free of other polypeptide material with which it is nativelyor recombinantly associated. This can be accomplished, for example, bypreparing the polypeptide by well-known recombinant methods or byclassical purification methods.

Mature polypeptide: The term “mature polypeptide” is defined herein as apolypeptide having enzyme activity that is in its final form followingtranslation and any post-translational modifications, such as N-terminalprocessing, C-terminal truncation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, etc.

Mature polypeptide coding sequence: The term “mature polypeptide codingsequence” is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that encodes amature polypeptide having enzyme activity.

Identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or betweentwo nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter “identity”.

For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity betweentwo amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunschalgorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) asimplemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: TheEuropean Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000,Trends in Genetics 16: 276-277), preferably version 3.0.0 or later. Theoptional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extensionpenalty of 0.5, and the

EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix. The outputof Needle labeled “longest identity” (obtained using the -nobriefoption) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows:

(Identical Residues×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Number of Gaps inAlignment)

For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity betweentwo deoxyribonucleotide sequences is determined using theNeedleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, supra) asimplemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: TheEuropean Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000,supra), preferably version 3.0.0 or later. The optional parameters usedare gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and theEDNAFULL (EMBOSS version of NCBI NUC4.4) substitution matrix. The outputof Needle labeled “longest identity” (obtained using the -nobriefoption) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows:

(Identical Deoxyribonucleotides×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Numberof Gaps in Alignment)

Polypeptide fragment: The term “polypeptide fragment” is defined hereinas a polypeptide having one or more (several) amino acids deleted fromthe amino and/or carboxyl terminus of a mature polypeptide or ahomologous sequence thereof; wherein the fragment has enzyme activity,e.g., orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, alkalineprotease, trichodiene synthase, or cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetaseactivity.

Subsequence: The term “subsequence” is defined herein as a nucleotidesequence having one or more (several) nucleotides deleted from the 5′and/or 3′ end of a mature polypeptide coding sequence or a homologoussequence thereof; wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragmenthaving enzyme activity, e.g., orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, alkaline protease, trichodiene synthase, orcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity.

Allelic variant: The term “allelic variant” denotes herein any of two ormore alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus.Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result inpolymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no changein the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having alteredamino acid sequences. An allelic variant of a polypeptide is apolypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.

Isolated polynucleotide: The term “isolated polynucleotide” as usedherein refers to a polynucleotide that is isolated from a source. In apreferred aspect, the polynucleotide is at least 1% pure, preferably atleast 5% pure, more preferably at least 10% pure, more preferably atleast 20% pure, more preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably atleast 60% pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, and mostpreferably at least 90% pure, as determined by agarose electrophoresis.

Substantially pure polynucleotide: The term “substantially purepolynucleotide” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide preparationfree of other extraneous or unwanted nucleotides and in a form suitablefor use within genetically engineered protein production systems. Thus,a substantially pure polynucleotide contains at most 10%, preferably atmost 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5%, morepreferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%, even more preferablyat most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most0.5% by weight of other polynucleotide material with which it isnatively or recombinantly associated. A substantially purepolynucleotide may, however, include naturally occurring 5′ and 3′untranslated regions, such as promoters and terminators. It is preferredthat the substantially pure polynucleotide is at least 90% pure,preferably at least 92% pure, more preferably at least 94% pure, morepreferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, morepreferably at least 97% pure, even more preferably at least 98% pure,most preferably at least 99% pure, and even most preferably at least99.5% pure by weight. The polynucleotides of the present invention arepreferably in a substantially pure form, i.e., that the polynucleotidepreparation is essentially free of other polynucleotide material withwhich it is natively or recombinantly associated. The polynucleotidesmay be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or anycombinations thereof.

Coding sequence: When used herein the term “coding sequence” means anucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence ofits protein product. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generallydetermined by an open reading frame, which begins with the ATG startcodon or alternative start codons such as GTG and TTG and ends with astop codon such as TAA, TAG, and TGA. The coding sequence may be a DNA,cDNA, synthetic, or recombinant nucleotide sequence.

cDNA: The term “cDNA” is defined herein as a DNA molecule that can beprepared by reverse transcription from a mature, spliced, mRNA moleculeobtained from a eukaryotic cell. cDNA lacks intron sequences that areusually present in the corresponding genomic DNA. The initial, primaryRNA transcript is a precursor to mRNA that is processed through a seriesof steps before appearing as mature spliced mRNA. These steps includethe removal of intron sequences by a process called splicing. cDNAderived from mRNA lacks, therefore, any intron sequences.

Nucleic acid construct: The term “nucleic acid construct” as used hereinrefers to a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded,which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or modified to containsegments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist innature or which is synthetic. The term nucleic acid construct issynonymous with the term “expression cassette” when the nucleic acidconstruct contains the control sequences required for expression of acoding sequence of the present invention.

Control sequences: The term “control sequences” is defined herein toinclude all components necessary for expression of a polynucleotideencoding a polypeptide of the present invention. Each control sequencemay be native or foreign to the nucleotide sequence encoding thepolypeptide or native or foreign to each other. Such control sequencesinclude, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence,propeptide sequence, promoter, signal peptide sequence, andtranscription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include apromoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. Thecontrol sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose ofintroducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of thecontrol sequences with the coding region of the nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide.

Operably linked: The term “operably linked” denotes herein aconfiguration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropriateposition relative to the coding sequence of the polynucleotide sequencesuch that the control sequence directs expression of the coding sequenceof a polypeptide.

Expression: The term “expression” includes any step involved in theproduction of the polypeptide including, but not limited to,transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation,post-translational modification, and secretion.

Expression vector: The term “expression vector” is defined herein as alinear or circular DNA molecule that comprises a polynucleotide encodinga polypeptide of the present invention and is operably linked toadditional nucleotides that provide for its expression.

Host cell: The term “host cell”, as used herein, includes any cell typethat is susceptible to transformation, transfection, transduction, andthe like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising apolynucleotide of the present invention.

Modification: The term “modification” is defined herein as anintroduction, substitution, or removal of one or more nucleotides in agene or a control sequence required for the transcription or translationthereof, or gene disruption, gene conversion, gene deletion, or randomor specific mutagenesis of amyA, alpA, dps1, pyrG, tri5, or acombination thereof. The deletion of one or more (several) of the amyA,alpA, dps1, pyrG, and tri5 genes may be partial or complete. Themodification results in a decrease in or elimination (inactivation) ofexpression of pyrG, amyA, alpA, tri5, dps1, or a combination thereof. Ina preferred aspect, one or more (several) are inactivated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of producing a polypeptide,comprising: (a) cultivating a mutant of a parent Fusarium venenatumstrain in a medium for the production of the polypeptide, wherein themutant strain comprises a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide andone or more (several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG,amyA, and alpA, wherein the one or more (several) genes are modifiedrendering the mutant strain deficient in the production of one or more(several) enzymes selected from the group consisting oforotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease, respectively, compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strainwhen cultivated under identical conditions; and (b) recovering thepolypeptide from the cultivation medium.

In one aspect, the mutant strain further comprises one or both of thegenes tri5 and dps1, wherein the one or both genes are modifiedrendering the mutant strain deficient in the production of one or bothenzymes trichodiene synthase and cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase,respectively, compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultivated under identical conditions.

An advantage of the present invention is elimination or reduction of oneor more (several) enzyme activities, which may be detrimental to theproduction, downstream processing, e.g., recovery, and/or application ofa particular polypeptide of interest

In the methods of the present invention, the parent Fusarium venenatumstrain may be a wild-type Fusarium venenatum strain or a mutant thereof.It will be understood that the term “Fusarium venenatum” also includesvarieties of Fusarium venenatum (see, for example, Robert A. Samsom andJohn I. Pitt, editors, Integration of Modern Taxonomic Methods forPenicillium and Aspergillus Classification, Harwood Academic Publishers,The Netherlands). In one aspect, the parent Fusarium venenatum strain isFusarium venenatum A3/5. In another aspect, the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain is Fusarium venenatum NRRL 30747. In another aspect,the parent Fusarium venenatum strain is Fusarium venenatum ATCC 20334.In another aspect, the parent Fusarium venenatum strain is amorphological mutant (WO 97/26330).

The enzyme-deficient Fusarium venenatum mutant strain may be constructedby reducing or eliminating expression of one or more (several) genesselected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, and alpA, andalternatively also one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1 using methodswell known in the art, such as insertions, disruptions, replacements, ordeletions. A portion of the gene can be modified such as the codingregion or a control sequence required for expression of the codingregion. Such a control sequence of a gene may be a promoter sequence ora functional part thereof, i.e., a part that is sufficient for affectingexpression of the gene. For example, a promoter sequence may beinactivated resulting in no expression or a weaker promoter may besubstituted for the native promoter sequence to reduce expression of thecoding sequence. Other control sequences for possible modificationinclude, but are not limited to, a leader, propeptide sequence, signalsequence, transcription terminator, and transcriptional activator.

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains may be constructed by genedeletion techniques to eliminate or reduce expression of a gene. Genedeletion techniques enable the partial or complete removal of the genethereby eliminating their expression. In such methods, deletion of thegene(s) is accomplished by homologous recombination using a plasmid thathas been constructed to contiguously contain the 5′ and 3′ regionsflanking the gene.

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains may also be constructed byintroducing, substituting, and/or removing one or more (several)nucleotides in the gene or a control sequence thereof required for thetranscription or translation thereof. For example, nucleotides may beinserted or removed so as to result in the introduction of a stop codon,the removal of the start codon, or a frame-shift of the open readingframe. Such a modification may be accomplished by site-directedmutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methodsknown in the art. See, for example, Botstein and Shortie, 1985, Science229: 4719; Lo et al., 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences USA 81: 2285; Higuchi et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Research 16:7351; Shimada, 1996, Meth. Mol. Biol. 57: 157; Ho et al., 1989, Gene 77:61; Horton et al., 1989, Gene 77: 61; and Sarkar and Sommer, 1990,BioTechniques 8: 404.

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains may also be constructed by genedisruption techniques by inserting into a gene a disruptive nucleic acidconstruct comprising a nucleic acid fragment(s) homologous to the genethat will create a duplication of the region of homology and incorporateconstruct DNA between the duplicated regions. Such gene disruption caneliminate gene expression if the inserted construct separates thepromoter of the gene from the coding region or interrupts the codingsequence such that a non-functional gene product results. A disruptingconstruct may be simply a selectable marker gene accompanied by 5′ and3′ regions homologous to the gene. The selectable marker enablesidentification of transformants containing the disrupted gene.

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains may also be constructed by theprocess of gene conversion (see, for example, Iglesias and Trautner,1983, Molecular General Genetics 189: 73-76). For example, in the geneconversion method, a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the gene(s) ismutagenized in vitro to produce a defective nucleotide sequence, whichis then transformed into the parent Fusarium venenatum strain to producea defective gene. By homologous recombination, the defective nucleotidesequence replaces the endogenous gene. It may be desirable that thedefective nucleotide sequence also comprises a marker for selection oftransformants containing the defective gene.

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains may also be constructed byestablished anti-sense techniques using a nucleotide sequencecomplementary to the nucleotide sequence of the gene (Parish and Stoker,1997, FEMS Microbiology Letters 154: 151-157). More specifically,expression of the gene by a Fusarium venenatum strain may be reduced orinactivated by introducing a nucleotide sequence complementary to thenucleotide sequence of the gene, which may be transcribed in the strainand is capable of hybridizing to the mRNA produced in the strain. Underconditions allowing the complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence tohybridize to the mRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reducedor eliminated.

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains may also be constructed byestablished RNA interference (RNAi) techniques (see, for example, WO2005/056772).

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains may be further constructed byrandom or specific mutagenesis using methods well known in the art,including, but not limited to, chemical mutagenesis (see, for example,Hopwood, The Isolation of Mutants in Methods in Microbiology (J. R.Norris and D. W. Ribbons, eds.) pp 363-433, Academic Press, New York,1970). Modification of the gene may be performed by subjecting theparent strain to mutagenesis and screening for mutant strains in whichexpression of the gene has been reduced or inactivated. The mutagenesis,which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by useof a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, use of a suitableoligonucleotide, or subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generatedmutagenesis. Furthermore, the mutagenesis may be performed by use of anycombination of these mutagenizing methods.

Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for thepresent purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine,N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG),N-methyl-N′-nitrosogaunidine (NTG) O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid,ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, andnucleotide analogues. When such agents are used, the mutagenesis istypically performed by incubating the parent strain to be mutagenized inthe presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitableconditions, and selecting for mutants exhibiting reduced or noexpression of a gene.

In one aspect, the modification results in the inactivation of one ormore (several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA,and alpA, and alternatively also one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1.In another aspect, the modification results in a decrease in expressionof one or more (several) genes selected from the group consisting ofpyrG, amyA, and alpA, and alternatively also one or both of the genestri5 and dps1. In another aspect, the modification results in expressionof one or more (several) genes selected from the group consisting ofpyrG, amyA, and alpA, and alternatively also one or both of the genestri5 and dps1 being decreased, inactivated, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of pyrG and amyA.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of pyrG and alpA.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of amyA and alpA.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5 and pyrG.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5 and amyA.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5 and alpA.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5 and dps1.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of amyA and dps1.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of alpA and dps1.In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of pyrG and dps1.

In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of pyrG, amyA,and alpA. In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification oftri5, pyrG, and amyA. In another aspect, the mutant comprises amodification of tri5, pyrG, and alpA. In another aspect, the mutantcomprises a modification of tri5, pyrG, and dps1. In another aspect, themutant comprises a modification of tri5, amyA, and alpA. In anotheraspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5, amyA, and dps1. Inanother aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5, alpA, anddps1. In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of amyA,alpA, and dps1. In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modificationof pyrG, alpA, and dps1. In another aspect, the mutant comprises amodification of pyrG, amyA, and dps1.

In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5, pyrG,amyA, and alpA. In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modificationof tri5, pyrG, amyA, and dps1. In another aspect, the mutant comprises amodification of tri5, amyA, alpA, and dps1. In another aspect, themutant comprises a modification of pyrG, amyA, alpA, and dps1. Inanother aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of tri5, pyrG, alpA,and dps1.

In another aspect, the mutant comprises a modification of pyrG, amyA,alpA, tri5, and dps1.

In one aspect, the pyrG gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having preferably at least 60%, morepreferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferablyat least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%,and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or atleast 99% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44. Inanother aspect, the pyrG gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activitycomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44. In another aspect,the pyrG gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidehaving orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity consisting ofthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In another aspect, the pyrG gene comprises a nucleotide sequence havingpreferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferablyat least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%,most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In another aspect, the pyrG gene comprisesthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In another aspect, the pyrGgene consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

In another aspect, the pyrG gene comprises a nucleotide sequence thathybridizes under preferably very low stringency conditions, morepreferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringencyconditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even morepreferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very highstringency conditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 orits full-length complementary strand.

In another aspect, the orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylasecomprises an amino acid sequence having preferably at least 60%, morepreferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferablyat least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%,and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or atleast 99% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44. Inanother aspect, the orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase comprisesthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44. In another aspect, theorotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase consists of the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In another aspect, the orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase isencoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence havingpreferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferablyat least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%,most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In another aspect, theorotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase is encoded by a polynucleotidecomprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In another aspect,the orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase is encoded by apolynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

In another aspect, the orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase isencoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence thathybridizes under preferably very low stringency conditions, morepreferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringencyconditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even morepreferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very highstringency conditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 orits full-length complementary strand.

In another aspect, the amyA gene comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activity comprising an aminoacid sequence having preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, morepreferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even morepreferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even mostpreferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52. In another aspect,the amyA gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidehaving alpha-amylase activity comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO: 52. In another aspect, the amyA gene comprises a nucleotidesequence encoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activity consistingof the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52.

In another aspect, the amyA gene comprises a nucleotide sequence havingpreferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferablyat least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%,most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. In another aspect, the amyA gene comprisesthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. In another aspect, the amyAgene consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.

In another aspect, the amyA gene comprises a nucleotide sequence thathybridizes under preferably very low stringency conditions, morepreferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringencyconditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even morepreferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very highstringency conditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51 orits full-length complementary strand.

In another aspect, the alpha-amylase comprises an amino acid sequencehaving preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, morepreferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferablyat least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably atleast 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52. In another aspect, thealpha-amylase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52. Inanother aspect, the alpha-amylase consists of the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 52.

In another aspect, the alpha-amylase is encoded by a polynucleotidecomprising a nucleotide sequence having preferably at least 60%, morepreferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferablyat least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%,and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or atleast 99% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. Inanother aspect, the alpha-amylase is encoded by a polynucleotidecomprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. In another aspect,the alpha-amylase is encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.

In another aspect, the alpha-amylase is encoded by a polynucleotidecomprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under preferably verylow stringency conditions, more preferably low stringency conditions,more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferablymedium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringencyconditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51 or its full-length complementarystrand.

In another aspect, the alpA gene comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activity comprising anamino acid sequence having a preferably at least 60%, more preferably atleast 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%,more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even morepreferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even mostpreferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84. In another aspect,the alpA gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidehaving alkaline protease activity comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 84. In another aspect, the alpA gene comprises a nucleotidesequence encoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activityconsisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.

In another aspect, the alpA gene comprises a nucleotide sequence havingpreferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferablyat least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%,most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. In another aspect, the alpA gene comprisesthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. In another aspect, the alpAgene consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83.

In another aspect, the alpA gene comprises a nucleotide sequence thathybridizes under preferably very low stringency conditions, morepreferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringencyconditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even morepreferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very highstringency conditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83 orits full-length complementary strand.

In another aspect, the alkaline protease comprises an amino acidsequence having preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%,more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, morepreferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even morepreferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even mostpreferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84. In another aspect,the alpha-amylase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84. Inanother aspect, the alpha-amylase consists of the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 84.

In another aspect, the alkaline protease is encoded by a polynucleotidecomprising a nucleotide sequence having preferably at least 60%, morepreferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferablyat least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%,and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or atleast 99% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. Inanother aspect, the alkaline protease is encoded by a polynucleotidecomprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. In another aspect,the alkaline protease is encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83.

In another aspect, the alkaline protease is encoded by a polynucleotidecomprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under preferably verylow stringency conditions, more preferably low stringency conditions,more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferablymedium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringencyconditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83 or its full-length complementarystrand.

In another aspect, the tri5 gene comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity comprisingan amino acid sequence having preferably at least 60%, more preferablyat least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, evenmore preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and evenmost preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least99% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In anotheraspect, the tri5 gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In another aspect, the tri5 genecomprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havingtrichodiene synthase activity consisting of the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 20.

In another aspect, the tri5 gene comprises a nucleotide sequence havingpreferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferablyat least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%,most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In another aspect, the tri5 gene comprisesthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In another aspect, the tri5gene consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

In another aspect, the tri5 gene comprises a nucleotide sequence thathybridizes under preferably very low stringency conditions, morepreferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringencyconditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even morepreferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very highstringency conditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 orits full-length complementary strand.

In another aspect, the trichodiene synthase comprises an amino acidsequence having preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%,more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, morepreferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even morepreferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even mostpreferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In another aspect,the trichodiene synthase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20. In another aspect, the trichodiene synthase consists of the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.

In another aspect, the trichodiene synthase is encoded by apolynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having preferably atleast 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%,more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, morepreferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, mostpreferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotide sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 19. In another aspect, the trichodiene synthase is encodedby a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.In another aspect, the trichodiene synthase is encoded by apolynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

In another aspect, the trichodiene synthase is encoded by apolynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes underpreferably very low stringency conditions, more preferably lowstringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions,more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferablyhigh stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringencyconditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 or itsfull-length complementary strand.

In another aspect, the dps1 gene comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having preferably at least 60%, morepreferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferablyat least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%,and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or atleast 99% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. Inanother aspect, the dpsl gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. In another aspect, the dps1gene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide havingcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity consisting of the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 94.

In another aspect, the dps1 gene comprises a nucleotide sequence havingpreferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferablyat least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%,most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In another aspect, the dps1 gene comprisesthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In another aspect, the dps1gene consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93.

In another aspect, the dps1 gene comprises a nucleotide sequence thathybridizes under preferably very low stringency conditions, morepreferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringencyconditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even morepreferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very highstringency conditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93 orits full-length complementary strand.

In another aspect, the cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase comprises anamino acid sequence having preferably at least 60%, more preferably atleast 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%,more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even morepreferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even mostpreferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. In another aspect,the cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 94. In another aspect, the cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94.

In another aspect, the cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase is encoded by apolynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having preferably atleast 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%,more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, morepreferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, mostpreferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to the nucleotide sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 93. In another aspect, the cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In another aspect, the cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase is encoded by a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 93.

In another aspect, the cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase is encoded by apolynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes underpreferably very low stringency conditions, more preferably lowstringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions,more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferablyhigh stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringencyconditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93 or itsfull-length complementary strand.

The nucleotide sequences disclosed herein or subsequences thereof, aswell as the amino acid sequences thereof or fragments thereof, may beused to design nucleic acid probes to identify and clone homologous DNAof the genes described above from strains of different genera or speciesaccording to methods well known in the art. In particular, such probescan be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus orspecies of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures, inorder to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein. Suchprobes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but shouldbe at least 15, preferably at least 25, and more preferably at least 35nucleotides in length. Longer probes can also be used. Both DNA and RNAprobes can be used. The probes are typically labeled for detecting thecorresponding gene (for example, with ³²P, ³H, ³⁵S, biotin, or avidin).

Thus, a genomic DNA or cDNA library prepared from such other organismsmay be screened for DNA that hybridizes with the probes described above.Genomic or other DNA from such other organisms may be separated byagarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separationtechniques. DNA from the libraries or the separated DNA may betransferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitablecarrier material. In order to identify a clone or DNA that is homologouswith the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein or subsequences thereof,the carrier material is used in a Southern blot. For purposes of thepresent invention, hybridization indicates that the nucleic acidsequence hybridizes to a labeled nucleic acid probe corresponding to thenucleotide sequences disclosed herein, its complementary strand, or asubsequence thereof, under very low to very high stringency conditions.Molecules to which the nucleic acid probe hybridizes under theseconditions are detected using X-ray film.

For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, very low to veryhigh stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization andhybridization at 42° C. in 5× SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 μg/ml sheared anddenatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for very low andlow stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies,or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standardSouthern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally.

For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, the carriermaterial is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2×SSC,0.2% SDS preferably at 45° C. (very low stringency), more preferably at50° C. (low stringency), more preferably at 55° C. (medium stringency),more preferably at 60° C. (medium-high stringency), even more preferablyat 65° C. (high stringency), and most preferably at 70° C. (very highstringency).

For short probes of about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides inlength, stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization,hybridization, and washing post-hybridization at about 5° C. to about10° C. below the calculated T_(m) using the calculation according toBolton and McCarthy (1962, Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences USA 48:1390) in 0.9 M NaCl, 0.09 M Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 6 mM EDTA,0.5% NP-40, 1× Denhardt's solution, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mMsodium monobasic phosphate, 0.1 mM ATP, and 0.2 mg of yeast RNA per mlfollowing standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hoursoptimally.

For short probes of about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides inlength, the carrier material is washed once in 6×SCC plus 0.1% SDS for15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6×SSC at 5° C. to 10° C.below the calculated T_(m).

A nucleotide sequence homologous or complementary to a gene describedherein may be used from other microbial sources to modify thecorresponding gene in the Fusarium venenatum strain of choice.

In another aspect, the modification of a gene in the Fusarium venenatummutant strain is unmarked with a selectable marker.

Removal of the selectable marker gene may be accomplished by culturingthe mutants on a counter-selection medium. Where the selectable markergene contains repeats flanking its 5′ and 3′ ends, the repeats willfacilitate the looping out of the selectable marker gene by homologousrecombination when the mutant strain is submitted to counter-selection.The selectable marker gene may also be removed by homologousrecombination by introducing into the mutant strain a nucleic acidfragment comprising 5′ and 3′ regions of the defective gene, but lackingthe selectable marker gene, followed by selecting on thecounter-selection medium. By homologous recombination, the defectivegene containing the selectable marker gene is replaced with the nucleicacid fragment lacking the selectable marker gene. Other methods known inthe art may also be used.

It will be understood that the methods of the present invention are notlimited to a particular order for obtaining the Fusarium venenatummutant strain. The modification of a gene may be introduced into theparent strain at any step in the construction of the strain for theproduction of a polypeptide of interest. It is preferred that theFusarium venenatum mutant strain has already been made enzyme-deficientprior to such a construction.

In a further aspect of the present invention, the mutants of Fusariumvenenatum strains may contain additional modifications, e.g., deletionsor disruptions, of other genes, which may encode substances detrimentalto the production, recovery, or application of a polypeptide ofinterest.

In one aspect, the Fusarium venenatum strain further comprises amodification, e.g., disruption or deletion, of one or more (several)genes encoding a proteolytic activity. In another aspect, theproteolytic activity is selected from the group consisting of anaminopeptidase, dipeptidylaminopeptidase, tripeptidylaminopeptidase,carboxypeptidase, aspergillopepsin, serine protease, metalloprotease,cysteine protease, and vacuolar protease.

In another aspect, the Fusarium venenatum strain further comprises amodification, e.g., disruption or deletion, of one or more (several)additional genes encoding an enzyme selected from the group consistingof a carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase,cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase,galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, glucosidase,haloperoxidase, hemicellulase, invertase, isomerase, laccase, ligase,lipase, lyase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase,phytase, phenoloxidase, polyphenoloxidase, ribonuclease, transferase,alpha-1,6-transglucosidase, alpha-1,6-transglucosidase,transglutaminase, and xylanase.

In the methods of the present invention, the Fusarium venenatum mutantstrain preferably produces at least the same amount of the polypeptideof interest as the corresponding parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultured under identical production conditions. In another aspect, themutant strain produces at least 25% more, preferably at least 50% more,more preferably at least 75% more, and most preferably at least 100%more of the polypeptide than the corresponding parent Fusarium venenatumstrain when cultured under identical production conditions.

The Fusarium venenatum mutant strains are cultivated in a nutrientmedium for production of the polypeptide of interest using methods knownin the art. For example, the strain may be cultivated by shake flaskcultivation, small-scale or large-scale fermentation (includingcontinuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) inlaboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium andunder conditions allowing the polypeptide to be expressed and/orisolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient mediumcomprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, usingprocedures known in the art. Suitable media are available fromcommercial suppliers or may be prepared according to publishedcompositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type CultureCollection). The secreted polypeptide can be recovered directly from themedium. If the polypeptide is not secreted, it may be obtained from celllysates.

The polypeptide of interest may be detected using methods known in theart that are specific for the polypeptide. These detection methods mayinclude use of specific antibodies, high performance liquidchromatography, capillary chromatography, formation of an enzymeproduct, disappearance of an enzyme substrate, or SDS-PAGE. For example,an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of an enzyme.Procedures for determining enzyme activity are known in the art for manyenzymes (see, for example, D. Schomburg and M. Salzmann (eds.), EnzymeHandbook, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990).

The resulting polypeptide may be isolated by methods known in the art.For example, a polypeptide of interest may be isolated from thecultivation medium by conventional procedures including, but not limitedto, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation,or precipitation. The isolated polypeptide may then be further purifiedby a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limitedto, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic,chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g.,preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), differential solubility (e.g.,ammonium sulfate precipitation), or extraction (see, e.g., ProteinPurification, J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, NewYork, 1989).

The polypeptide of interest may be any polypeptide native or foreign(heterologous) to the Fusarium venenatum strain. The polypeptide may beencoded by a single gene or two or more genes. The term “polynucleotideencoding the polypeptide” will be understood to encompass one or more(several) genes involved in the production of the polypeptide. The term“heterologous polypeptide” is defined herein as a polypeptide that isnot native to the host strain; a native polypeptide in which structuralmodifications have been made to alter the native polypeptide, e.g., theprotein sequence of a native polypeptide; or a native polypeptide whoseexpression is quantitatively altered as a result of a manipulation ofthe polynucleotide or host strain by recombinant DNA techniques, e.g., astronger promoter. Thus, the present invention also encompasses, withinthe scope of the term “heterologous polypeptides,” such recombinantproduction of native polypeptides, to the extent that such expressioninvolves the use of genetic elements not native to the Fusariumvenenatum strain, or use of native elements that have been manipulatedto function in a manner that do not normally occur in the host strain.In one aspect, the polypeptide is a native polypeptide to the Fusariumvenenatum strain. In another aspect, the polypeptide is a heterologouspolypeptide to the Fusarium venenatum strain.

The polypeptide may be any polypeptide having a biological activity ofinterest. The term “polypeptide” is not meant herein to refer to aspecific length of the encoded product and, therefore, encompassespeptides, oligopeptides, and proteins. The term “polypeptide” alsoencompasses two or more polypeptides combined to form the encodedproduct. Polypeptides also include fusion polypeptides, which comprise acombination of partial or complete polypeptide sequences obtained fromat least two different polypeptides wherein one or more (several) may beheterologous to the Fusarium venenatum strain. Polypeptides furtherinclude naturally occurring allelic and engineered variations of theabove-mentioned polypeptides and hybrid polypeptides.

Preferably, the polypeptide is an antibody, antigen, antimicrobialpeptide, enzyme, growth factor, hormone, immunodilator,neurotransmitter, receptor, reporter protein, structural protein, ortranscription factor.

In one aspect, the polypeptide is an oxidoreductase, transferase,hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase. In another aspect, thepolypeptide is an aminopeptidase, alpha-amylase, carbohydrase,carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellobiohydrolase, cellulase, chitinase,cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease,endoglucanase, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase,glucocerebrosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, invertase,laccase, lipase, mannosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme,peroxidase, phospholipase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolyticenzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, urokinase, or xylanase.

In another aspect, the polypeptide is an albumin, collagen,tropoelastin, elastin, or gelatin.

In the methods of the present invention, the mutant of the Fusariumvenenatum strain is a recombinant strain, comprising a polynucleotideencoding a heterologous polypeptide, which is advantageously used in therecombinant production of the polypeptide. The strain is preferablytransformed with a vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding theheterologous polypeptide followed by integration of the vector into thechromosome. “Transformation” means introducing a vector comprising thepolynucleotide into a host strain so that the vector is maintained as achromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector.Integration is generally considered to be an advantage as thepolynucleotide is more likely to be stably maintained in the strain.Integration of the vector into the chromosome can occur by homologousrecombination, non-homologous recombination, or transposition.

The polynucleotide encoding a heterologous polypeptide may be obtainedfrom any prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or other source, e.g.,archaeabacteria. For purposes of the present invention, the term“obtained from” as used herein in connection with a given source shallmean that the polypeptide is produced by the source or by a strain inwhich a gene from the source has been inserted.

In the methods of the present invention, a mutant Fusarium venenatumstrain of the present invention may also be used for the recombinantproduction of a polypeptide that is native to the Fusarium venenatumstrain. The native polypeptide may be produced by recombinant means by,for example, placing a gene encoding the polypeptide under the controlof a different promoter to enhance expression of the substance,expediting its export outside the strain by use of, for example, asignal sequence, or increasing the copy number of a gene encoding thepolypeptide normally produced by the Fusarium venenatum strain.

The techniques used to isolate or clone a polynucleotide encoding apolypeptide of interest are known in the art and include isolation fromgenomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof. Thecloning of such a polynucleotide from such genomic DNA can be effected,e.g., by using the well known polymerase chain reaction (PCR). See, forexample, Innis et al., 1990, PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods andApplication, Academic Press, New York. The cloning procedures mayinvolve excision and isolation of a desired nucleic acid fragmentcomprising the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, insertion of thefragment into a vector molecule, and incorporation of the recombinantvector into a mutant Fusarium venenatum strain of the present inventionwhere multiple copies or clones of the polynucleotide will bereplicated. The polynucleotide may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA,semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof.

In the methods of the present invention, the polypeptide may also be afused polypeptide or cleavable fusion polypeptide in which a polypeptideis fused at the N-terminus or the C-terminus of another polypeptide orfragment thereof. A fused polypeptide is produced by fusing a nucleotidesequence (or a portion thereof) encoding a polypeptide to anothernucleotide sequence (or a portion thereof) encoding another polypeptide.Techniques for producing fusion polypeptides are known in the art, andinclude ligating the coding sequences encoding the polypeptides so thatthey are in frame and that expression of the fused polypeptide is undercontrol of the same promoter(s) and terminator.

An isolated polynucleotide encoding a heterologous polypeptide may bemanipulated in a variety of ways to provide for expression of thepolypeptide in a mutant Fusarium venenatum strain of the presentinvention. Manipulation of the polynucleotide's sequence prior to itsinsertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on theexpression vector. The techniques for modifying polynucleotide sequencesutilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art.

A nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding apolypeptide may be operably linked to one or more (several) controlsequences capable of directing expression of the coding sequence in amutant Fusarium venenatum strain of the present invention underconditions compatible with the control sequences.

The control sequence may be an appropriate promoter sequence, anucleotide sequence that is recognized by a mutant Fusarium venenatumstrain of the present invention for expression of the polynucleotideencoding the polypeptide. The promoter sequence contains transcriptionalcontrol sequences that mediate expression of the polypeptide. Thepromoter may be any nucleotide sequence that shows transcriptionalactivity in the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain, including mutant,truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encodingextracellular or intracellular polypeptides either native orheterologous (foreign) to the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain.

Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of thenucleic acid constructs in the methods of the present invention arepromoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase,Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutralalpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillusniger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor mieheilipase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triosephosphate isomerase, Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, Fusariumvenenatum amyloglucosidase (WO 00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Daria (WO00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Quinn (WO 00/56900), Fusarium oxysporumtrypsin-like protease (WO 96/00787), Trichoderma reeseibeta-glucosidase, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I, Trichodermareesei cellobiohydrolase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I,Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanaseIII, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase IV, Trichoderma reeseiendoglucanase V, Trichoderma reesei xylanase I, Trichoderma reeseixylanase II, Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase, as well as the NA2-tpipromoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for Aspergillus nigerneutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphateisomerase); and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof.

The control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminatorsequence, a sequence recognized by a mutant Fusarium venenatum strain ofthe present invention to terminate transcription. The terminatorsequence is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleotidesequence encoding the heterologous polypeptide. Any terminator that isfunctional in a Fusarium venenatum strain may be used in the presentinvention.

Preferred terminators are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzaeTAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulansanthranilate synthase, Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase, and Fusariumoxysporum trypsin-like protease.

The control sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, anontranslated region of a mRNA that is important for translation by amutant Fusarium venenatum strain of the present invention. The leadersequence is operably linked to the 5′ terminus of the nucleotidesequence encoding the heterologous polypeptide. Any leader sequence thatis functional in the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain may be used in thepresent invention.

Preferred leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained fromthe genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulanstriose phosphate isomerase.

The control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequenceoperably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleotide sequence and, whentranscribed, is recognized by the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain as asignal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Anypolyadenylation sequence that is functional in the mutant Fusariumvenenatum strain may be used in the present invention.

Preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cellsare obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase,Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilatesynthase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease, and Aspergillusniger alpha-glucosidase.

The control sequence may also be a signal peptide coding sequence thatcodes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of apolypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into the cell'ssecretory pathway. The 5′ end of the coding sequence of the nucleotidesequence may inherently contain a signal peptide coding sequencenaturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of thecoding sequence that encodes the secreted polypeptide. Alternatively,the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide codingsequence that is foreign to the coding sequence. The foreign signalpeptide coding sequence may be required where the coding sequence doesnot naturally contain a signal peptide coding sequence. Alternatively,the foreign signal peptide coding sequence may simply replace thenatural signal peptide coding sequence in order to enhance secretion ofthe polypeptide. However, any signal peptide coding sequence thatdirects the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of themutant Fusarium venenatum strain, i.e., secreted into a culture medium,may be used in the present invention.

Effective signal peptide coding regions for the mutant Fusariumvenenatum strains are the signal peptide coding regions obtained fromthe genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger neutralamylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Rhizomucor miehei asparticproteinase, Humicola insolens cellulase, Humicola insolens endoglucanaseV, and Humicola lanuginosa lipase.

The control sequence may also be a propeptide coding region, which codesfor an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of apolypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme orpropolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases). A propolypeptide isgenerally inactive and can be converted to a mature, active polypeptideby catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from thepropolypeptide. The propeptide coding region may be obtained from genesfor Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, Rhizomucor miehei asparticproteinase, and Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (WO 95/33836).

Where both signal peptide and propeptide sequences are present at theamino terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide sequence is positionednext to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptidesequence is positioned next to the amino terminus of the propeptidesequence.

The nucleic acid constructs may also comprise one or more (several)polynucleotides that encode one or more (several) factors that areadvantageous for directing expression of the heterologous polypeptide,e.g., a transcriptional activator (e.g., a trans-acting factor), achaperone, and a processing protease. Any factor that is functional inthe mutant Fusarium venenatum strain may be used in the presentinvention. The nucleic acids encoding one or more (several) of thesefactors are not necessarily in tandem with the nucleotide sequenceencoding the heterologous polypeptide.

It may also be desirable to add regulatory or control sequences thatallow regulation of expression of the polypeptide relative to the growthof the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain. Examples of regulatory systemsare those that cause expression of the gene to be turned on or off inresponse to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of aregulatory compound. Regulatory systems in filamentous fungi such as theTAKA alpha-amylase promoter, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter,and Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter may be used as regulatorysequences. Other examples of regulatory sequences are those that allowfor gene amplification. In eukaryotic systems, these regulatorysequences include the dihydrofolate reductase gene that is amplified inthe presence of methotrexate, and the metallothionein genes that areamplified with heavy metals. In these cases, the nucleotide sequenceencoding the polypeptide would be operably linked with the regulatorysequence.

In the methods of the present invention, a recombinant expression vectorcomprising a nucleotide sequence, a promoter, and transcriptional andtranslational stop signals may be used for the recombinant production ofa polypeptide of interest. The various nucleic acids and controlsequences described herein may be joined together to produce arecombinant expression vector that may include one or more (several)convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution ofthe nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide at such sites.Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence may be expressed by inserting thenucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid construct comprising the sequenceinto an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expressionvector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the codingsequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences forexpression.

The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid orvirus) that can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA proceduresand can bring about expression of the nucleotide sequence. The choice ofthe vector will typically depend on its compatibility with the mutantFusarium venenatum strain into which the vector is to be introduced. Thevector may be a linear or closed circular plasmid.

The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vectorthat exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which isindependent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, anextrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome.The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication.Alternatively, the vector may be one that, when introduced into themutant Fusarium venenatum strain, is integrated into the genome andreplicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has beenintegrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or morevectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to be introducedinto the genome of the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain, or atransposon, may be used.

The vector preferably contains one or more (several) selectable markersthat permit easy selection of transformed mutant Fusarium venenatumstrains. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides forbiocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy toauxotrophs, and the like.

Examples of selectable markers for use in the mutant Fusarium venenatumstrain include, but are not limited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB(ornithine carbamoyltransferase), bar (phosphinothricinacetyltransferase), hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase), niaD (nitratereductase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfateadenyltransferase), and trpC (anthranilate synthase), as well asequivalents thereof. Preferred for use in the mutant Fusarium venenatumstrain are the amdS gene of Aspergillus nidulans and the bar gene ofStreptomyces hygroscopicus.

The vectors preferably contain an element(s) that permits integration ofthe vector into the host cell's genome or autonomous replication of thevector in the cell independent of the genome.

For integration into the genome of the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain,the vector may rely on the polynucleotide's sequence encoding thepolypeptide or any other element of the vector for integration into thegenome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination. Alternatively, thevector may contain additional nucleotide sequences for directingintegration by homologous recombination into the genome of the mutantFusarium venenatum strain at a precise location(s) in the chromosome(s).To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, theintegrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number ofnucleic acids, such as 100 to 10,000 base pairs, preferably 400 to10,000 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 10,000 base pairs, whichhave a high degree of identity to the corresponding target sequence toenhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrationalelements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequencein the genome of the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain. Furthermore, theintegrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleotidesequences. On the other hand, the vector may be integrated into thegenome of the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain by non-homologousrecombination.

For autonomous replication, the vector may further comprise an origin ofreplication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the mutantFusarium venenatum strain. The origin of replication may be any plasmidreplicator mediating autonomous replication that functions in a cell.The term “origin of replication” or “plasmid replicator” is definedherein as a nucleotide sequence that enables a plasmid or vector toreplicate in vivo.

Examples of origins of replication useful in the mutant Fusariumvenenatum strain are AMA1 and ANSI (Gems et al., 1991, Gene 98: 61-67;Cullen et al., 1987, Nucleic Acids Research 15: 9163-9175; WO 00/24883).Isolation of the AMA1 gene and construction of plasmids or vectorscomprising the gene can be accomplished according to the methodsdisclosed in WO 00/24883.

The procedures used to ligate the elements described herein to constructthe recombinant expression vectors are well known to one skilled in theart (see, e.g., J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatus, 1989,Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor,New York).

A vector comprising the nucleotide sequence can be introduced, e.g., bytransformation, into the mutant Fusarium venenatum strain so that thevector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicatingextra-chromosomal vector. Integration is generally considered to be anadvantage as the nucleotide sequence is more likely to be stablymaintained in the strain. Integration of the vector into the chromosomeoccurs by homologous recombination, non-homologous recombination, ortransposition.

The introduction of an expression vector into the mutant Fusariumvenenatum strain may involve a process consisting of protoplastformation, transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of thestrain wall in a manner known per se. Suitable procedures fortransformation of Fusarium venenatum strains are described in Malardieret al., 1989, Gene 78: 147-156, and WO 96/00787.

The present invention also relates to methods of obtaining mutants of aparent Fusarium venenatum strain, comprising: (a) modifying one or more(several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, andalpA; and (b) identifying a mutant strain from step (a) wherein the oneor more (several) genes are modified rendering the mutant straindeficient in the production of one or more (several) enzymes selectedfrom the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease, respectively, compared to theparent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions.

In one aspect, the methods of obtaining mutants of a parent Fusariumvenenatum strain further comprise modifying one or both of the genestri5 and dps1 rendering the mutant strain deficient in the production ofone or both enzymes trichodiene synthase and cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase, respectively, compared to the parent Fusarium venenatumstrain when cultivated under identical conditions.

The present invention also relates to mutants of a parent Fusariumvenenatum strain, comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide andone or more (several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG,amyA, and alpA, wherein the one or more (several) genes are modifiedrendering the mutant strain deficient in the production of one or more(several) enzymes selected from the group consisting oforotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease, respectively, compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strainwhen cultivated under identical conditions.

In one aspect, the mutants of a parent Fusarium venenatum strain furthercomprise one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1, wherein the one or bothgenes are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient in theproduction of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

The present invention is further described by the following examplesthat should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Materials

Chemicals used as buffers and substrates were commercial products of atleast reagent grade. All primers and oligonucleotides were supplied byMWG Biotech, Inc., High Point, N.C., USA.

Fungal Strain

Fusarium strain A3/5, now reclassified as Fusarium venenatum (Yoder andChristianson, 1998, Fungal Genetics and Biology 23: 62-80; O'Donnell etal., 1998, Fungal Genetics and Biology 23: 57-67), was obtained from Dr.Anthony Trinci, University of Manchester, Manchester, England. Depositsof this strain can be obtained from the American Type CultureCollection, Manassas, Va., USA as Fusarium strain ATCC 20334 or theAgricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection (NRRL), NorthernRegional Research Center, 1815 University Street, Peoria, Ill., USA asFusarium strain NRRL 30747.

Media and Solutions

LB plates were composed per liter of 10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeastextract, 5 g of NaCl, and 15 g of Bacto agar.

NZY top agarose was composed per liter of 5 g of NaCl, 5 g of yeastextract, 10 g of NZ amine, 2 g of MgSO₄, and 7 g of agarose.

M400 medium was composed per liter of 50 g of maltodextrin, 2 g ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, 2 g of KH₂PO₄, 4 g of citric acid, 8 g of yeast extract, 2 gof urea, 0.5 g of CaCl₂, and 0.5 ml of AMG trace metals solution, pH6.0.

AMG trace metals solution were composed per liter of 14.3 g ofZnSO₄.7H₂O, 2.5 g of CuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.5 g of NiCl₂, 13.8 g of FeSO₄, 8.5 gof MnSO₄, and 3.0 g of citric acid.

2XYT medium was composed per liter of 16 g of tryptone, 10 g of yeastextract, 5 g of NaCl, and 5 g of Bacto agar.

YP medium was composed per liter of 10 g of yeast extract and 20 g ofBacto peptone.

YPG_(5%) medium was composed per liter of 10 g of yeast extract, 20 g ofBacto peptone, and 50 g of glucose.

RA medium was composed per liter of 50 g of succinic acid, 12.1 g ofNaNO₃, 1 g of glucose, and 20 ml of 50× Vogels salts solution (No C, NoNaNO₃).

RA+uridine medium was composed per liter of 50 g of succinic acid, 12.1g of NaNO₃, 1 g of glucose, and 20 ml of 50× Vogels salts solution (NoC, No NaNO₃). After filter sterilization of the RA medium, filtersterilized uridine was added to a final concentration of 10 mM.

RA+BASTA™ medium was composed per liter of 50 g of succinic acid, 12.1 gof NaNO₃, 1 g of glucose, and 20 ml of 50× Vogels salts solution (No C,No NaNO₃). After filter sterilization of the RA medium,filter-sterilized BASTA™ (glufosinate, Hoechst Schering AgrEvo,Frankfurt, Germany) was added to a final concentration of 6 mg/ml usinga working stock solution of 250 mg/ml.

50× Vogels salts solution (No C, No NaNO₃) was composed of per liter of250 g of KH₂PO₄, 10 g of MgSO₄.7H₂0, 5 g of CaCl₂2H₂0, 2.5 ml of biotinsolution, and 5 ml of Vogels trace elements solution.

Biotin stock solution was composed of 5 mg of biotin in 100 ml of 50%ethanol.

Vogels trace elements solution was composed per 100 ml of 5 g of citricacid, 5 g of ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 1 g of Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂.6H₂O, 0.25 g ofCuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.05 g of H₃BO₃, and 0.05 g of Na₂MoO₄.2H₂O.

VNO₃RLMT plates were composed per liter of 20 ml of 50× Vogels saltssolution (25 mM NaNO₃), 273.33 g of sucrose, and 15 g of LMT agarose(Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA).

50× Vogels salts solution (25 mM NaNO₃) was composed per liter of 125 gof sodium citrate, 250 g of KH₂PO₄, 106.25 g of NaNO₃, 10 g ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, 5 g of CaCl₂2H₂O, 2.5 ml of biotin stock solution, and 5 mlof Vogels trace elements solution.

VNO₃RLMT-BASTA™ plates were composed per liter of 20 ml of 50× Vogelssalts solution (25 mM NaNO₃), 273.33 g of sucrose, and 15 g of LMTagarose. After autoclaving and cooling BASTA™ was added to a finalconcentration of 6 mg/ml.

STC was composed of 0.8 M sorbitol, 25 or 50 mM Tris pH 8, and 50 mMCaCl₂.

SPTC was composed of 40% PEG 4000, 0.8 M sorbitol, 25 or 50 mM Tris pH8, and 50 mM CaCl₂.

SY50 medium (pH 6.0) was composed per liter of 50 g of sucrose, 2.0 g ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, 10 g of KH₂PO₄, 2.0 g of K₂SO₄, 2.0 g of citric acid, 10 gof yeast extract, 2.0 g of urea, 0.5 g of CaCl₂.2H₂O, and 5 ml of 200×AMG trace metals solution (no nickel).

200× AMG trace metals solution (no nickel) was composed per liter of 3.0g of citric acid, 14.3 g of ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 2.5 g of CuSO₄.5H₂O, 13.8 g ofFeSO₄.7H₂O, and 8.5 g of MnSO₄.H₂O.

20×SSC was composed of 0.3 M sodium citrate pH 7 and 3 M sodiumchloride.

DNA Sequencing

DNA sequencing was conducted with an ABI PRIZM® 3700 DNA Analyzer(Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif., USA).

Example 1 Fusarium venenatum Transformation Procedure

One hundred micrograms of each of the deletion cassettes described inthe following examples were digested with either Bst Z171/Bam HI(Example 11) or Not I (Examples 14, 16, 28 and 30). Each digestionreaction was purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE bufferand a DNA band was extracted using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit. Theresulting purified DNA was concentrated in a 1.5 ml microfuge tube byethanol precipitation with the addition of 10% reaction volume of 3 Msodium acetate pH 5 followed by 2.5 volumes of ice cold ethanol (94%)and incubation on ice for 20 minutes. The tube was then centrifuged at15,000×g for 10 minutes in an EPPENDORF® 5424 bench-top centrifuge(Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The supernatant was discarded and thepellet washed with 1 ml of ice cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged at15,000×g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the pelletallowed to air dry. The pellet was then resuspended in 70 μl of 10 mMTris pH 8 buffer. The concentration of the resulting DNA containingsolution was determined using a NANODROP® 1000 spectrophotometer(ThermoFischer Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA).

Protoplasts of the appropriate recipient strain were generated by thefollowing method. Spores were first obtained by inoculating 500 ml of RAmedium (Example 11) or RA medium supplemented with 10 mM uridine(Examples 14, 16, 28, and 30) in a 2.8 L Fernbach flask with 15×1 cm²agar plugs of a 7-day old culture containing VNO₃RLMT medium andincubating the flask for 36 hours at 28° C. with shaking at 150 rpm. Thespore culture was filtered through sterile MIRACLOTH™ and the sporescaptured on a MILLIPORE® STERICUP® 0.2 μm filter unit (Millipore,Bellerica, Mass., USA). The spores were washed with 200 ml of sterileglass distilled water and resuspended in 10 ml of sterile glassdistilled water.

One ml of the spore solution was used to inoculate 100 ml of YP mediumsupplemented with 5% glucose (Example 11) or YP medium supplemented with5% glucose and 10 mM uridine (Examples 14, 16, 28, and 30). Theinoculated medium was incubated for 16 hours at 17° C. with shaking at150 rpm. Cultures were filtered through MIRACLOTH™ to collect mycelia,which were transferred to a 50 ml polypropylene tube using a sterilespatula. The mycelia were resuspended in 20 ml of protoplastingsolution, which contained 5 mg of NOVOZYME™ 234 per ml and 5 mg ofGLUCANEX™ (both from Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) in 1 M MgSO₄ perml and transferred to 50 ml polypropylene tubes. The tubes wereincubated at 29.5° C. with shaking at 90 rpm for one hour after which 30ml of 1 M sorbitol were added. Then the tubes were centrifuged at 800×gfor 10 minutes in a Sorvall RT 6000B swinging-bucket centrifuge(ThermoFischer Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA). The supernatants werediscarded and the protoplast pellets were washed twice with 30 ml of 1 Msorbitol. The tubes were centrifuged at 800×g for 5 minutes and thesupernatants discarded. The protoplasts were resuspended in a solutionof filter-sterilized 9:1:0.1 (v/v) STC:SPTC:DMSO at a concentration of5×10⁷ per ml and frozen overnight at −80° C. at controlled rate freezingusing a NALGENE™ Cryo 1° C. Freezing Container (ThermoFischerScientific, Waltham, Mass., USA).

Transformation was accomplished by thawing the protoplasts on ice andadding 200 μl of the protoplasts to each of four 14 ml tubes. Five μg ofDNA (in less than 10 μl) were added to the first three and no DNA wasadded to the fourth. Then 750 μl of SPTC were added to each tube and thetubes were inverted gently 6 times. The tubes were incubated at roomtemperature for 30 minutes and 6 ml of STC were added to each tube. Eachtransformation was divided into three parts and added to 150 mm diameterplates containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 125 μg of hygromycinper ml (Example 11) or VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 125 μg ofhygromycin per ml and 10 mM uridine (Examples 14, 16, 28, and 30) andincubated at room temperature for 7 days.

Example 2 Southern Analyses

Fungal biomass was produced by inoculating 25 ml of M400 medium (Example11) or M400 medium supplemented with 10 mM uridine (Examples 14, 16, 28and 30) with four 1 cm agar plugs from 7 day old transformants generatedas described in Examples 1 and 11. The cultures were incubated for 3days at 28° C. with shaking at 150 rpm. Agar plugs were removed and thecultures were filtered through MIRACLOTH™. Harvested biomass was frozenwith liquid nitrogen and the mycelia were ground using a mortar andpestle.

Genomic DNA was isolated using a DNEASY® Plant Maxi Kit (QIAGEN,Valencia, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructionsexcept the lytic incubation period at 65° C. was extended to 1.5 hoursfrom 10 minutes.

Two μg of genomic DNA were digested with the indicated restrictionendonucleases in a 50 μl reaction volume at 37° C. for 22 hours. Thedigestion s were subjected to 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer. The DNA was fragmented in the gel by treating with 0.25 M HCl,denatured with 1.5 M NaCl-0.5 M NaOH, neutralized with 1.5 M NaCl-1 MTris pH 8, and then transferred in 20×SSC to a NYTRAN® Supercharge nylonmembrane using a TURBOBLOTTER™ Kit (both from Whatman, Kent, UK). TheDNA was UV cross-linked to the membrane using a UV STRATALINKER™(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) and pre-hybridized for 1 hour at 42°C. in 20 ml of DIG Easy Hyb (Roche Diagnostics Corporation,Indianapolis, Ind., USA).

Probes were generated using a PCR Dig Probe Synthesis Kit (RocheDiagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) according to themanufacturer's instructions. The probes were purified by 1.2% agarosegel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and the bands corresponding to theprobes were excised and agarose-extracted using a MINELUTE® GelExtraction Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA). The probes wereboiled for 5 minutes and each added to 10 ml of DIG Easy Hyb to producethe hybridization solution. Hybridization was performed at 42° C. for15-17 hours. The membranes were then washed under high stringencyconditions in 2×SSC plus 0.1% SDS for 5 minutes at room temperaturefollowed by two washes in 0.1×SSC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes each at65° C. The probe-target hybrids were detected by chemiluminescent assay(Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) according to themanufacturer's instructions.

Example 3 Construction of Plasmid pDM156.2 Harboring the Genomic DNAFragment Incorporating the Fusarium venenatum Orotidine-5′-monophosphateDecarboxylase (pyrG) Gene

A probe of a Neurospora crassa orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase(pyr-4) gene (SEQ ID NO: 1 for the DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 2 for thededuced amino acid sequence) was prepared by PCR incorporatingdigoxigenin-labeled deoxyuridine-triphosphate (dUTP) and the primersdescribed below.

Primer (sense): 5′-GTCAGGAAACGCAGCCACAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3)Primer (anti-sense): 5′-AGGCAGCCCTTGGACGACAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4)

Plasmid pFB6 (Buxton et al, 1983, Molecular and General Genetics 190:403-405) was digested with Hind III and the digestion purified by 1%agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer. A 1.1 kb pyr-4 fragmentwas excised and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kitaccording to the manufacturer's suggested protocols.

The amplification reaction (50 μl) was composed of 1× Taq DNA PolymeraseBuffer (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA), 5 μl of PCR DIGLabeling Mix (Boehringer Mannheim, Manheim, Germany), 10 ng of the 1.1kb Hind III pyr-4 fragment, 10 pmol of the sense primer, 10 pmol of theanti-sense primer, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase New England BiolabsInc., Ipswich, Mass., USA). The reaction was incubated in a ROBOCYCLER®(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for3 minutes followed by 35 cycles each at 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C.for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute. A final extension was performedfor 5 minutes at 72° C.

The amplification reaction products were purified by 1% agarose gelelectrophoresis using TAE buffer. A digoxigenin (DIG) labeled probe ofapproximately 0.78 kb was excised from the gel and agarose-extractedusing a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit.

A genomic DNA library of Fusarium venenatum strain A3/5 was generatedand cloned into lambda vector EMBL4 as described in WO 99/60137.

The DIG-labeled probe was used to screen the genomic library of Fusariumvenenatum A3/5 DNA cloned into lambda vector EMBL4. Lambda phages wereplated with E. coli K802 cells (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.,USA) onto LB plates with NZY top agarose. Plaque lifts were made toHYBOND™ N nylon membranes (Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK)using the technique of Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning, A LaboratoryManual, Second Edition; J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis;Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). DNA was bound to themembranes by UV cross-linking using a UV STRATALINKER™. Filters werethen hybridized with the 0.78 kb DIG-labeled N. crassa pyr-4 probe.Hybridization and detection of pyrG clones were performed according tothe GENIUS™ System User's Guide (Boehringer Hammheim, Manheim, Germany)at 42° C. with a hybridization solution composed of 5×SSC, 35%formamide, 0.1% L-lauroylsarcosine, 0.02% SDS, and 1% blocking reagent(Boehringer Hammheim, Manheim, Germany). The concentration ofDIG-labeled probe used was 2.5 ng per ml of the hybridization solution.Hybridizing DNA was immuno-detected with analkaline-phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody (BoehringerHammheim, Manheim, Germany) and visualized with Lumiphos 530, achemiluminescent substrate (Boehringer Hammheim, Manheim, Germany). DNApreparations were made from putative positive lambda clones using aLambda Midi Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA).

Lambda DNA from a clone identified above was digested with Eco RI andsubjected to 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer. A 3.9 kbfragment was excised and agarose-extracted using a QIAEX Gel ExtractionKit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.). The fragment was then cloned intothe Eco RI site of pUC18 (Viera and Messing, 1987, Methods in Enzymology153: 3-11) and ONE SHOT® TOP10 competent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,Calif., USA) were transformed with 2 μl of the cloning reaction. PlasmidDNA from eight of the resulting transformants was analyzed by DNAsequencing. One clone with the desired sequence was selected anddesignated pDM156.2 (FIG. 1). The pyrG fragment harbored the entirecoding region plus 1.3 kb of the promoter and 1.5 kb of the terminator.

Example 4 Generation of pEmY21

An E. coli hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene (SEQ ID NO: 5 forthe DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 6 for the deduced amino acid sequence)was amplified from plasmid pPHTI (Cummings et al., 1999, CurrentGenetics 36: 371-382) using the following primers:

Forward primer: 5′-GGGttcgaaTTCATTTAAACGGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7)Reverse primer: 5′-GGGagcgctCAATATTCATCTCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8)The restriction enzyme sites Bst BI (forward primer) and Eco 47III(reverse primer) were engineered into the primers, represented by theunderlined sequence, for cloning.

The PCR reaction (to amplify the hpt gene) was composed of 1× ThermoPolreaction buffer, 200 μM dNTPs, 50 pmol of the forward and reverseprimers, 100 pg of pPHT1, 1 unit of Vent® DNA polymerase (New EnglandBiolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass. USA), and sterile distilled water in atotal volume of 100 μl. The amplification reaction was performed using aROBOCYCLER® programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 25 cycleseach at 95° C. for 1 minute, 51° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2minutes; and 1 cycle at 72° C. for 7 minutes.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer. A 1.8 kb fragment was excised from the gel and agarose extractedusing a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit. The gel purified fragment was thencloned into pCR®-BluntII-TOPO® (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) usinga TOPO® Blunt Cloning Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Theresulting plasmid was designated pEmY10.

The Eco RI site was then removed from the coding sequence of the hptgene in pEmY10 using a QUIKCHANGE® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer'sinstructions using the primers shown below, where the lower case lettersrepresent the non-mutated nucleotides of the target Eco RI site and theunderlined case letters represent the mutated nucleotides. The resultingplasmid was designated pBK3.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′-GGGTACCOCAAGGGCgTattcTGCAGATGGG-3′Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′-CCCATCTGCAgaatAcGCCCTTGGGGTACCC-3′The resulting hpt gene without the Eco RI site was PCR amplified frompBK3 using forward and reverse primers shown below.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 11) 5′-GGggtaccTTCATTTAAACGGCTTCAC-3′Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′-GGggtaccCGACCAGCAGACGGCCC-3′The underlined portions represent introduced Kpn I sites for cloning.

Portions of the Aspergillus oryzae pyrG gene were used to generatedirect repeats and were PCR amplified from pSO2 (WO 98/12300) using thefollowing primers:

Repeat 1: Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 13)5′-TCCcccgggTCTCTGGTACTCTTCGATC-3′ Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 14)5′-GGggtaccCGACCAGCAGACGGCCC-3′ Repeat 2: Forward primer:(SEQ ID NO: 15) 5′-GGggtaccTCTCTGGTACTCTTCGATC-3′ Reverse primer:(SEQ ID NO: 16) 5′-TCCcccgggCGACCAGCAGACGGCCC-3′The underlined portions represent introduced restriction sites Sma I(cccggg) or Kpn I (ggtacc) for cloning.

The three fragments (hpt, repeat #1 and repeat #2) were amplified inseparate reactions (50 μl each) composed of 1× ThermoPol reactionbuffer, 200 μM dNTPs, 0.25 μM each primer, 50 ng of template DNA, and 1unit of Vent® DNA polymerase. The amplification reaction was performedusing a ROBOCYCLER® programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 30cycles each at 95° C. for 1 minute, 61° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for2 minutes; and 1 cycle at 72° C. for 7 minutes.

The PCR products were separated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis inTAE buffer. The approximately 2 kb amplified hpt fragment and theapproximately 0.2 kb repeat fragments were excised from the gels andagarose-extracted using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The two pyrGrepeat fragments were digested with Kpn I, dephosphorylated with calfintestine phosphatase (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA),and treated with a MINELUTE® Reaction Cleanup Kit (QIAGEN Inc.,Valencia, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Thefragments harboring repeat #1 and hpt were then ligated together using aQUICK LIGATION™ Kit (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA)according to the manufacturer's instructions, treated with a MINELUTE®Reaction Cleanup Kit and the resulting ligation cloned into pCR®II Bluntusing a TOPO® Blunt Cloning Kit. Sequence analysis confirmed one clonein which repeat #1 and the hpt fragment were ligated together in pCR®IIBlunt. This plasmid was designated pEmY18.

In order to clone the second repeat into pEmY18, plasmid pEmy18 wasdigested with Eco RV and the digestion purified by 1% agarose gelelectrophoresis in TAE buffer. A 5.6 kb fragment was excised from thegel and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit. The 0.2kb Repeat 2 fragment (described above) and digested pEmY18 were ligatedtogether using a QUICK LIGATION™ Kit. The ligation mixture was used totransform SOLOPACK® Gold Supercompetent Cells (Stratagene, La Jolla,Calif., USA). Sequence analysis identified a plasmid in which the threecomponents (repeat #1, hpt and repeat #2) were in the desired order andorientation and which lacked PCR errors. The resulting plasmid wasdesignated pEmY20.

To insure that subsequent digestion of pEmY20 with Eco RI would liberatea single fragment, an Eco RI site was removed using a QUIKCHANGE®Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit according to the manufacturer'sinstructions and forward and reverse primers shown below. The resultingplasmid was designated pEmY21 (FIG. 2) after sequence verification.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 17) 5′-GGGTACCCCAAGGGCQTATTCTGCAGATGGG-3′Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 18) 5′-CCCATCTGCAGAATACGCCCTTGGGGTACCC-3′

Example 5 Creation of the Fusarium venenatum pyrG Deletion Vector pEmY23

The Fusarium venenatum pyrG coding sequence (2,678 bp) was excised frompDM156.2 (Example 3) by digestion with Eco RV and Stu I restrictionendonucleases, and the remaining 4,398 by vector was gel-purified usingusing a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer'sdirections. The Sma I fragment of pEmY21 was isolated and gel-purifiedusing a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit and the two gel-purified fragmentswere ligated together. They were screened for insert orientation,sequenced for the absence of errors, and one of the clones with thecorrect insert sequence was selected and designated pEmY23 (FIG. 3).

Example 6 Construction of Plasmid pWTY1470-19-07

Plasmid pJRoy40 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,341), which harbors 5′ and 3′flanking sequences of a Fusarium venenatum trichodiene synthase (tri5)gene (SEQ ID NO: 19 for the DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 20 for thededuced amino acid sequence), was used as template for amplification ofa portion of the 5′ tri5 gene flanking sequence. The PCR reactioncontained 200 μM dNTPs, 1× Taq DNA polymerase buffer, 125 pg of pJRoy40DNA, 50 pmol of each primer shown below, and 1 unit of Taq DNApolymerase in a final volume of 50 μl.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 21) 5′-GGGAGATCTTCGTTATCTGTGCC-3′Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 22) 5′-GGGAGATCTTAGTAGTCGGCATTTGAAAC-3′(Underlined ucleotides indicate introduced Bgl II sites).

The amplification reaction was incubated in a ROBOCYCLER® programmed for1 cycle at 95° C. for 3 minutes; 10 cycles each at 95° C. for 30seconds, 52° C. for 45 seconds, and 7° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles eachat 95° C. for 30 seconds, 52° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 5minutes; and 1 cycle at 72° C. for 7 minutes.

PCR products were separated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis usingTBE buffer. A fragment of approximately 600 by was excised from the geland agarose-extracted using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The fragmentwas inserted into pCR®2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) using aTOPO® TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) and ONE SHOT®TOP10 competent cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) weretransformed with 2 μl of the TOPO® TA cloning reaction. Plasmid DNA formeight of the resulting transformants was digested with Eco RI and Bgl IIin separate reactions and the inserts for three transformants with thecorrect restriction digestion patterns were confirmed by DNA sequencing.One clone with the desired sequence was selected and designatedpWTY1470-09-05.

A 608 by Bgl II fragment harboring the tri5 gene 5′ repeat was liberatedfrom pWTY1470-09-05 by digestion with Bgl II, purified by 1.0% agarosegel electrophoresis using TBE buffer, excised from the gel, and agaroseextracted using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit.

Plasmid pJRoy40 was linearized by digestion with Bgl II, after which itwas dephosphorylated using shrimp alkaline phosphatase (RocheDiagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) according to themanufacturer's instructions, and purified using a QIAQUICK® PCRPurification Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA). LinearizedpJRoy40 and the gel-purified Bgl II fragment were ligated together usingT4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA) accordingto the manufacturer's instructions. Transformation of E. coli SURE®chemically competent cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) wasperformed according to the manufacturer's directions. One transformantwas confirmed by DNA sequencing to contain the desired vector, i.e.,harboring the tri5 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences and a repeat of aportion of the 5′ flanking sequence. The resulting plasmid wasdesignated pWTY1470-19-07 (FIG. 4).

Example 7 Construction of Plasmid pWTY1515-02-01

Plasmid pWTY1470-19-07 was subjected to in vitro mutagenesis using aQUIKCHANGE® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit according to themanufacturer's instructions and forward and reverse primers shown below.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 23)5′-CAAGTAACAGACGCGACAGCTTGCAAAATCTTCGTTATCTGTG-3′ Reverse primer:(SEQ ID NO: 24) 5′-CACAGATAACGAAGATTTTGCAAGCTGTCGCGTCTGTTACTTG-3′

The mutagenesis removed the Bgl II site at 1779 by and rendered the BglII site at 2386 by unique and usable in subsequent manipulations toinsert fragments harboring thymidine kinase (tk) and hygromycinphosphotransferase (hpt) gene cassettes. The mutagenesis reaction wasused to transform the kit-supplied E. coli XL10-GOLD® Ultra-competentcells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) according to themanufacturer's suggested protocol.

One transformant harboring the mutations indicated above, as verified bysequence analysis, was designated pWTY1515-02-01 (FIG. 5) and used asthe backbone in Example 10.

Example 8 Construction of Plasmid pJaL574

Plasmid pDV8 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,062) harbors the Herpes simplex virustype 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK; tk) gene (SEQ ID NO: 29 for the DNAsequence and SEQ ID NO: 30 for the deduced amino acid sequence) as a 1.2kb Bgl II/Bam HI fragment inserted between a 1.0 kb Xho I/Bgl IIfragment of the Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase (gpdA) promoter and a 1.8 kb Bam HI/Hind III fragmentharboring the tri-functional Aspergillus nidulansindoleglycerolphosphate synthase, phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase,and glutamine amidotransferase (trpC) transcriptional terminator.Plasmid pDV8 was digested with Bam HI, extracted with phenol-chloroform,ethanol precipitated, and then filled in using Klenow polymerase(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA). The digested plasmid was re-ligatedusing a QUICK LIGATION™ Kit following the manufacturer's protocol,treated with a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit, and the resulting ligationproducts cloned into pCR®4Blunt-TOPO® (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.,USA) using a TOPO® Blunt Cloning Kit according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. The cloning reaction was transformed into ONE SHOT®chemically competent TOP10 cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA)according to the manufacturer's directions. Plasmid DNA was extractedfrom eight of the resulting transformants using a BIOROBOT® 9600 (QIAGENInc, Valencia, Calif., USA) and screened by restriction digestion usingXho I/Bam HI and Xho I/Hind III. DNA sequencing of plasmid DNA from twotransformants with the correct restriction digestion pattern confirmedthat both harbored the desired sequence. One was named pJaL504-[Bam HI](FIG. 6).

Plasmid pJaL504-[Bam HI] was digested with Bgl II, extracted withphenol-chloroform, ethanol precipitated, and then filled in using Klenowpolymerase. The digested plasmid was re-ligated using a QUICK LIGATION™Kit following the manufacturer's protocol, treated with a MINELUTE®Reaction Cleanup Kit, and the resulting ligation cloned intopCR®4Blunt-TOPO® using a TOPO® Blunt Cloning Kit according to themanufacturer's instructions. The cloning reaction was transformed intoONE SHOT® chemically competent E. coli TOP10 cells according to themanufacturer's directions. Plasmid DNA was extracted from eight of theresulting transformants using a BIOROBOT® 9600 and screened byrestriction digestion using Xho I/Bgl II and Xho I/Hind III. DNAsequencing of plasmid DNA from two transformants with the correctrestriction digestion pattern confirmed that both harbored the desiredsequence. One was named pJaL504-[Bgl II] (FIG. 7). Punt et al. (1990,Gene 3: 101-109) have previously shown that 364 bp of the Aspergillusnidulans gpdA promoter could be deleted without affecting the strengthof the promoter. Based on these authors' observations, primer #172450shown below was designed to truncate the Aspergillus nidulans gpdApromoter and reduce the size of the vector.

Primer 172450: (SEQ ID NO: 25)5′-GACGAATTCTCTAGAAGATCTCTCGAGGAGCTCAAGCTTCTGTACAG TGACCGGTGACTC-3′The underlined sequence corresponds to gpdA promoter sequence. Theremaining sequence is a handle harboring the following restrictionsites: Eco RI, Xba I, Bgl II, Xho I, and Hind III.

For truncating the Aspergillus nidulans trpC terminator (again to reducevector size), primer #172499, shown below, was designed harboring an EcoRI handle.

Primer 172499: 5′-GACGAATTCCGATGAATGTGTGTCCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26)

The underlined sequence corresponds to the trpC terminator sequence.Amplification using primers 172499 and 172450 truncates the promoter by364 bp and the trpC terminator sequence by 239 bp.

PCR was performed with the above two primers using pJaL504-[Bgl II] astemplate to generate a 2.522 kb fragment composed of a truncated versionof the A. nidulans gpdA promoter, the coding sequence of the HSV1-TKgene, and a truncated version of the A. nidulans trpC terminator.

The amplification reaction consisted of 5 μl of 10× Buffer (PromegaCorporation, Madison, Wis., USA), 0.4 μl of 25 mM dNTPs, 1.25 μl ofprimer 172450 (100 ng/μl), 1.25 μl of primer 172499 (100 ng/μl), 0.5 μlof pJaL504-[Bgl II] (100 ng/μl), 2 μl of Pfu DNA polymerase (PromegaCorporation, Madison, Wis., USA) (2.5 U/μl), and 39.6 μl of steriledistilled water. The amplification reaction was incubated in aROBOCYCLER® programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 45 seconds; and 28cycles each at 95° C. for 45 seconds, 57° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C.for 5 minutes. A final extension was performed for 10 minutes at 72° C.

The amplification reaction was subjected to 1% agarose gelelectrophoresis using low melting temperature agarose gel in 50 mMTris-50 mM boric acid-1 mM disodium EDTA (TBE) buffer. A 2522 bpfragment was excised from the gel and extracted using a QIAQUICK® GelExtraction Kit. The gel-purified DNA was then inserted intopCR®4Blunt-TOPO® using a TOPO® Blunt Cloning Kit according to themanufacturer's instructions. The cloning reaction was transformed intoONE SHOT® chemically competent TOP10 cells according to themanufacturer's directions. Plasmid DNA was extracted from eight of theresulting transformants using a BIOROBOT® 9600 and screened byrestriction digestion using Eco RI and Bgl II. DNA sequencing of plasmidDNA from two transformants with the correct restriction digestionpattern confirmed that both harbored the desired sequence. One wasdesignated pJaL574 (FIG. 8).

Example 9 Construction of Plasmid pWTY1449-02-01

Plasmid pJaL574 was transformed into competent E. coli SCS110 cells(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) following the manufacturer'srecommended protocol. Plasmid DNA was extracted from twenty-four of theresulting transformants, using a BIOROBOT® 9600, and then subjected toanalytical digestion using Eco RI and Bgl II. Subsequent DNA sequenceanalysis resulted in the identification of a clone with the correctsequence, which was designated pWTY1449-02-01 (FIG. 9).

Example 10 Generation of the tri5 Deletion Vector pJfyS1579-21-16

An E. coli hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene cassette was PCRamplified from plasmid pEmY23 using an ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic PCR Kit(Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif., USA) and gene-specific forward andreverse primers shown below. The underlined portion in the reverseprimer is a Bgl II site for cloning.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 27)5′-TTGAACTCTCAGATCCCTTCATTTAAACGGCTTCACGGGC-3′ Reverse primer:(SEQ ID NO: 28) 5′-CAGATAACGAAGATCTACGCCCTTGGGGTACCCAATATTC-3′

The PCR reaction contained 362 ng of pEmY23 as DNA template, 200 μmdNTP's, 1.1 mM magnesium acetate, 0.4 μM primers, 1× GC Reaction Buffer(Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif., USA), 0.5 M GC Melt (Clonetech, PaloAlto, Calif., USA), and 1× GC Genomic Polymerase Mix (Clonetech, PaloAlto, Calif., USA) in a final volume of 50 μl.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®(Eppendorf, Munich, Germany) programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2minutes; 25 cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds and 66° C. for 3minutes; and 1 cycle at 66° C. for 3 minutes; and hold at 4° C.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer. A fragment of approximately 1.9 kb was excised from the gel andagarose extracted using a MINIELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The fragmentwas cloned into pCR®2.1 using a TOPO® TA Cloning Kit according to themanufacturer's instructions. ONE SHOT® TOP10 competent cells(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) were transformed with 2 μl of theTOPO® TA reaction. Sequence analysis of plasmid DNA from 8 transformantsconfirmed that there were no deviations from the expected sequence andthe plasmid was designated pJfyS1540-75-5 (FIG. 10).

The hpt insert was liberated from pJfyS1540-75-05 by digestion with BamHI and Bgl II and purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer. A fragment of 1.9 kb was excised and agarose-extracted using aMINIELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. A Rapid DNA Ligation Kit was used toligate the fragment to Bgl II-linearized empty tri5 deletion vectorpWTY1515-02-01 (Example 7) which had been dephosphorylated using calfintestine phosphatase. E. coli SURE® chemically competent cells weretransformed with the ligation reaction and plasmid DNA from 24 of theresulting transformants was analyzed by restriction digestion with EcoRI to confirm the orientation of the insert. One of the transformantsharboring the insert in the desired orientation was selected anddesignated pJfyS1579-1-13 (FIG. 11).

A Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) gene (SEQ ID NO: 29 for theDNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 30 for the deduced amino acid sequence) wasPCR amplified using pWTY1449-2-1 as template and gene specific forwardand reverse primers shown below. The bold sequence represents theintroduced Bgl II site.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 31)5′-GCCGACTACTAGATCGACCGGTGACTCTTTCTGGCATGCG-3′ Reverse primer:(SEQ ID NO: 32) 5′-CAGATAACGAAGATCTGAGAGTTCAAGGAAGAAACAGTGC-3′

The PCR reaction contained 1× HERCULASE® reaction buffer (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif., USA), 200 μM dNTPs, 55 ng of pWTY1449-2-1, 0.2 μMprimers, 2% DMSO, and 2.5 units of HERCULASE® DNA polymerase(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) in a final volume of 50 μl.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 1 minute; 25 cycles each at 94° C.for 30 seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 2 minutes and 45seconds; and 1 cycle at 68° C. for 2 minutes and 45 seconds; and a holdat 4° C.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer. A fragment of approximately 2.8 kb was excised from the gel andpurified using a MINIELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The fragment was clonedinto pCR®2.1 using a TOPO® TA Cloning Kit. ONE SHOT® TOP10 competentcells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) were transformed with 2 μl ofthe TOPO® TA reaction. Sequence analysis of plasmid DNA from one of thetransformants identified a mutation in the tk coding sequence (C1621G)resulting in an amino acid change of glycine to alanine. This mutationwas corrected using a QUIKCHANGE® II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer'sinstructions and forward and reverse primers shown below. The lower caseletter indicates the desired change. Sequence analysis of 16 clonesresulted in the selection of one which was designated pJfyS1579-8-6(FIG. 12).

Forward primer: 5′-CCCTGTTTCGGGgCCCCGAGTTGCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33)Reverse primer: 5′-CCAGCAACTCGGGGcCCCGAAACAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34)

Plasmid pJfyS1579-08-06 was digested with Bam HI and Bgl II to liberatethe 2.8 kb tk fragment and the fragment was purified as described above.This fragment was ligated to pJfyS1579-1-13, which had been linearizedwith Bgl II and treated with calf intestine phosphatase, using a QUICKLIGATION™ Kit and used to transform E. coli SURE® chemically competentcells according to the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting plasmidwas designated pJfyS1579-21-16 (FIG. 13) and used as the tri5 deletioncassette.

Example 11 Construction of the Δtri5 Fusarium Venenatum StrainJfyS1604-47-02

Fusarium venenatum A3/5 protoplasts were transformed with Bst Z171/BamHI-linearized pJfyS1579-21-16 using the method described in Example 1.Transformants were selected on VNO₃RLMT plates containing 125 μg ofhygromycin B (Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind., USA)per ml. After day 7, 48 out of 123 transformants were sub-cultured to anew plate containing the same medium. Eight transformants were thenanalyzed by Southern analysis as follows. Fungal biomass of thesestrains was generated by inoculating 25 ml of M400 medium with four 1 cmagar plugs from 7 day old transformants obtained as described above. Thecultures were incubated for 3 days at 28° C. with shaking at 150 rpm.Agar plugs were removed and the cultures were filtered throughMIRACLOTH™. Harvested biomass was frozen with liquid nitrogen and themycelia were ground using a mortar and pestle.

Genomic DNA was isolated using a DNEASY® Plant Maxi Kit according to themanufacturer's instructions, except the lytic incubation period at 65°C. was extended to 1.5 hours from 10 minutes.

Two μg of genomic DNA were digested with 16 units of Sph I and 22 unitsof Dra I in a 50 μl reaction volume at 37° C. for 22 hours. Thedigestion was subjected to 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer. The DNA was fragmented in the gel by treating with 0.25 M HCl,denatured with 1.5 M NaCl-0.5 M NaOH, neutralized with 1.5 M NaCl-1 MTris pH 8, and then transferred in 20×SSC to a NYTRAN® Supercharge nylonmembrane using a TURBOBLOTTER™ Kit. The DNA was UV cross-linked to themembrane using a UV STRATALINKER™ and pre-hybridized for 1 hour at 42°C. in 20 ml of DIG Easy Hyb.

A PCR probe to the 3′ flanking sequence of the tri5 gene was generatedusing the following forward and reverse primers.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 35) 5′-GTGGGAGGATCTGATGGATCACCATGGGC-3″Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 36) 5′-CCGGGTTTCGTTCCGAACGATCTTTACAAGG-3′

The probe was generated using a PCR Dig Probe Synthesis Kit according tothe manufacturer's instructions. The probe was purified by 1.2% agarosegel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and the band corresponding to theprobe was excised and agarose-extracted using a MINELUTE® Gel ExtractionKit. The probe was boiled for 5 minutes and added to 10 ml of DIG EasyHyb to produce the hybridization solution. Hybridization was performedat 42° C. for 15-17 hours. The membrane was then washed under highstringency conditions in 2×SSC plus 0.1% SDS for 5 minutes at roomtemperature followed by two washes in 0.1×SSC plus 0.1% SDS for 15minutes each at 65° C. The probe-target hybrids were detected bychemiluminescent assay (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind., USA)according to the manufacturer's instructions.

One transformant, Fusarium venenatum JfyS1579-43-23, harboring thedeletion cassette in a single copy in the tri5 locus, as determined bySouthern analysis, was sporulated by cutting four 1 cm² plugs usingsterile toothpicks from a 7 day-old plate containing VNO₃RLMT medium andtransferring them to a 125 ml baffled shake flask containing 25 ml of RAmedium. The flask was incubated at 28° C. with shaking at 150 rpm for 48hours. The spore culture was filtered through sterile MIRACLOTH™ andcollected in a 50 ml polypropylene tube. The concentration of spores wasdetermined using a hemocytometer and 10⁵ spores (in one ml) weretransferred to a 150 mm plate containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplementedwith 50 μM 5-fluoro-5′-deoxyuridine (FdU) (Sigma Chemical Co., St.Louis, Mo., USA) and incubated for 4 days at 28° C. Spore isolates werepicked using sterile toothpicks and transferred to a new platecontaining VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 10 μM FdU and allowed togrow for 7 days at 24-28° C.

Genomic DNA was extracted from 7 spore isolates and Southern analysesperformed as described above to insure the cassette's correct excisionfrom the genome. All spore isolates analyzed by Southern blots hadexcised the cassette leaving behind one repeat as expected. One sporeisolate was spore purified once by inducing sporulation in the strain asdescribed in the preceding paragraph, and the spore concentration wasdetermined using a hemocytometer and diluted to 40 spores per ml. One mlof the diluted spore solution was plated to 150 mm plates containingVNO₃RLMT medium and the plates were incubated at 28° C. for 4 days.Spore isolates were sub-cultured to new plates containing VNO₃RLMTmedium and one spore isolate, designated Fusarium venenatumJfyS1604-17-02 (Δtri5), was used as the starting strain for deletion ofthe pyrG gene.

Example 12 Construction of a Universal Deletion Vector Harboring theThymidine Kinase (tk) Negative Selection Marker and HygromycinPhosphotransferase (hpt) Positive Selection Marker

A universal deletion vector harboring both the thymidine kinase (tk) andhygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) markers was constructed tofacilitate assembly of subsequent deletion plasmids. Flanking sequencesfor 5′ and 3′ regions of the gene targeted for deletion can be easilyligated to the vector following digestion of the latter with Pme I orAsc I (for 5′ flanking sequences) and Sbf I or Swa I (for 3′ flankingsequences).

In order to PCR-amplify the direct repeats derived from the 5′ flankingregion of the Fusarium venenatum pyrG gene, 50 picomoles of the primersshown below were used in two PCR reactions containing 50 ng of pDM156.2,1× Pfx Amplification Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA), 6 μl ofa 10 mM blend of dNTPs, 2.5 units of PLATINUM® Pfx DNA polymerase(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA), and 1 μl of 50 mM MgSO₄ in a totalvolume of 50 μl.

Primers:

Repeat #1 Sense Primer: (SEQ ID NO: 37)5′-GTTTAAACGGCGCGCC CGACAAAACAAGGCTACTGCAGGCAGG-3′ Antisense Primer:(SEQ ID NO: 38) 5′-TTGTCGCCCGGG AATACTCCAACTAGGCCTTG-3′ Repeat #2Sense Primer: (SEQ ID NO: 39) 5′-AGTATTCCCGGG CGACAAAACAAGGCTACTGCA-3′Antisense Primer: (SEQ ID NO: 40)5′-ATTTAAATCCTGCAGG AATACTCCAACTAGGCCTTG-3′

The amplification reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF®MASTERCYCLER® programmed as follows. For repeat #1: 1 cycle at 98° C.for 2 minutes; and 5 cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute. This was followed by 35 cycles each at94° C. for 30 seconds, 59° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute.For repeat #2 the cycling parameters were: 1 cycle at 98° C. for 2minutes; and 5 cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute. This was followed by 35 cycles each at94° C. for 30 seconds, 56° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute.After the 35 cycles both reactions (i.e., repeats #1 and #2) wereincubated at 68° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled at 10° C. until beingfurther processed.

PCR products from both reactions were separated by 0.8% GTG-agarose(Cambrex Bioproducts, East Rutherford, N.J., USA) gel electrophoresisusing TAE buffer. For repeat #1 and repeat #2, fragments ofapproximately 0.26 kb were excised from the gel and purified usingUltrafree®-DA spin cups (Millipore, Billerica, Mass., USA) according tothe manufacturer's instructions. Ten microliters of each purified repeatwere then used in a single overlapping PCR reaction containing 1× PfxAmplification Buffer, 6 μl of a 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, anddCTP, 2.5 units of PLATINUM® Pfx DNA polymerase, and 1 μl of 50 mM MgSO₄in a total volume of 50 μl.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 1 cycle at 98° C. for 2 minutes; and 5 cycles each at 94°C. for 30 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute. Thereaction was then mixed with a pre-warmed solution containing 50picomoles of the sense primer for repeat #1 and 50 picomoles of theanti-sense primer for repeat #2, 1× Pfx Amplification Buffer, 6 μl of a10 mM dNTPs, 2.5 units of PLATINUM® Pfx DNA polymerase, and 1 μl of 50mM MgSO₄ in a final volume of 50 μl.

The new 100 μl amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF®MASTERCYCLER® programmed for 35 cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds,58° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute. After 35 cycles, thereaction was incubated at 68° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled at 10°C. until being further processed. A 0.5 kb PCR product (harboring therepeat assembly) was isolated by 0.8% GTG-agarose gel electrophoresis asdescribed above.

Plasmid pCR4 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) was used as the sourceof the vector backbone for the construction of the universal deletionvector. To remove the non-essential portions of the pCR4 DNA, 2.5 μg ofplasmid pTter61C (WO 2005/074647) were digested sequentially with BspLU11 I and Bst XI. The digested vector was then treated with Antarcticphosphatase (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA). The 3.1 kbdigested backbone was isolated by 0.8% GTG-agarose gel electrophoresisas described above. The purified repeat assembly was then ligated to thepurified vector backbone with a Rapid Ligation Kit (Roche DiagnosticsCorporation, Indianapolis, Ind., USA). The ligation reaction consistedof: 75 ng of purified vector backbone and 3 μl of the purified repeatassembly. One microliter of this ligation reaction was used to transformchemically competent SOLOPACK® Supercompetent cells (Stratagene,Carlsbad, Calif., USA) using the manufacturer's suggested protocols.Twenty four transformants were analyzed by Nco I/Pme I restrictiondigestion. Twenty three out of twenty four transformants had theexpected restriction digestion pattern. Clone pFvRs #10 was selected atrandom for sequencing to confirm that there were no PCR-induced errors.Sequencing analysis showed that the repeat assembly in clone pFvRs #10had the expected sequence, and this was therefore selected as thebackbone of the Fusarium venenatum universal vector and designatedpAILo1492-24 (FIG. 14).

The cassette harboring the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene wasPCR amplified from pEmY23 using the gene-specific forward and reverseprimers shown below. The underlined sequence represents a Xma I site andthe bold letters represent a Bgl II site. The four “a”s at each 5′ endallow for subsequent digestion of the terminal ends of the PCR product.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 41)5′-aaaacccgggCCTTCATTTAAACGGCTTCACGGGC-3′ Reverse primer:(SEQ ID NO: 42) 5′-aaaacccggg AGATCTACGCCCTTGGGGTACCCAATATTC-3′

The amplification reaction contained 60 ng of pEmY23, 200 μm dNTPs, 1 mMmagnesium acetate, 0.4 μM primers, 1× Pfx Amplification Buffer, 0.5 M GCMelt, and 2.5 units of PLATINUM® Pfx polymerase in a final volume of 50μl. The reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® programmedfor 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 10 cycles each at 94° C. for 30seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute 50 seconds; and1 cycle at 68° C. for 7 minutes followed by holding at 4° C.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer. A fragment of approximately 1.8 kb was excised from the gel andagarose-extracted using a MINIELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. Thegel-purified PCR product was subsequently digested with Xma I and run ona 1% agarose gel and gel-purified again as above. A QUICK LIGATION™ Kitwas used to ligate the hpt PCR product to Xma I-linearized pAILo1492-24,which had been treated with calf intestine phosphatase. The resultingplasmid was designated pJfyS1579-35-2 (FIG. 15) and was used as therecipient for the insertion of the thymidine kinase gene.

The source of the Herpes simplex virus tk cassette was plasmidpJfyS1579-8-6 (Example 10), from which the insert was liberated bydigestion with Bam HI and Bgl II. The digestion products were separatedby 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer, and a fragmentcorresponding to the 2.8 kb tk gene insert was excised andagarose-extracted using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. A QUICKLIGATION™ Kit was used to ligate the tk gene cassette to BglII-linearized pJfyS1579-35-02, which had been treated with calfintestine phosphatase. The resulting plasmid was designatedpJfyS1579-41-11 (FIG. 16) and this was used as the starting point forconstruction of the pyrG, amyA, alpA, and dpsI deletion vectors.

Example 13 Generation of the pyrG Deletion Vector pJfyS1604-55-13

The 3′ flanking sequence of the Fusarium venenatum A3/5 pyrG gene (SEQID NO: 43 for the DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 44 for the deduced aminoacid sequence) was amplified using an EXPAND® High Fidelity PCR System(Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) andgene-specific forward and reverse primers shown below. The underlinedportion is a Sbf I site introduced for cloning and the italicizedportion is a Not I site introduced for later digestion to remove thepCR®2.1 portion of the plasmid before transformation.

Forward primer: 5′-aaaaaacctgcaggATCCTGCGCGGACTCTTGATTATTT-3′(SEQ ID NO: 45) Reverse primer: 5′-aaaaaacctgcagggcggccgcAATTCCATTCCTGTAGCTGAGTATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 46)

The amplification reaction contained 125 ng of Fusarium venenatum A3/5genomic DNA, 200 μm dNTP's, 0.4 μM primers, 1× EXPAND® Buffer (RocheDiagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) with 5 mM MgCl₂, and2.5 units of EXPAND® DNA polymerase (Roche Diagnostics Corporation,Indianapolis, Ind., USA) in a final volume of 50 μl.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 10 cycles each at 94° C.for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute; and 20cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C.for 1 minute and 10 seconds.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer and a 0.7 kb fragment was excised and agarose extracted using aMINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit.

The 0.7 kb PCR product was digested with Sbf I and purified by 1%agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer. A fragment ofapproximately 0.7 kb was excised from the gel and further purified usingan Ultrafree®-DA spin cup. The 0.7 kb fragment was ligated topJfyS1579-41-11 (which had been digested with Sbf I and dephosphorylatedusing calf intestine phosphatase) using a QUICK LIGATION™ Kit and theligation mixture used to transform E. coli SURE® chemically competentcells according to the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting plasmidwas designated pJfyS1604-35-13.

The 5′ pyrG flanking sequence from pEmY23 (Example 5) was amplifiedusing an EXPAND® High Fidelity PCR System and gene-specific forward andreverse primers shown below. The underlined portion is a Pme I siteintroduced for cloning and the italicized portion is a Not I siteintroduced for later digestion to remove the beta-lactamase gene priorto fungal transformation.

Forward primer: 5′-aaaaaagtttaaac gcggccgcCTGTTGCCTTTGGGCCAATCAATG-3′(SEQ ID NO: 47) Reverse primer:5′-aaaaaagtttaaacCTAGTTGGAGTATTGTTTGTTCTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 48)

The amplification reaction contained 20 ng of pEmY23, 200 μm dNTP's, 0.4μM primers, 1× EXPAND® Buffer with 15 mM MgCl₂, and 2.5 units of EXPAND®DNA polymerase.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 10 cycles each at 94° C.for 30 seconds, 53° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 40 seconds; and 20cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 53° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C.for 40 seconds plus an additional 10 seconds per subsequent cycle.

The PCR product was purified using a MINELUTE® PCR Purification Kit(QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA). The purified PCR products weredigested with Pme I and separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresisusing TAE buffer. A fragment of approximately 0.5 kb was excised fromthe gel and agarose extracted using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The0.5 kb fragment was ligated to Pme I digested and calf intestinephosphatase treated pJfyS1604-35-13 using a QUICK LIGATION™ Kit. Theligation reaction contained 50 ng of vector, 20 ng of insert, 1× QUICKLIGATION™ Reaction Buffer (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass.,USA), and 10 units of Quick T4 DNA Ligase (New England Biolabs Inc.,Ipswich, Mass., USA) in a 20 μl reaction volume. The reaction wasincubated at room temperature for 5 minutes and 2 μl of the ligationwere used to transform E. coli SURE® chemically competent cellsaccording to the manufacturer's Instructions. Sequence analysis was usedto identify transformants containing the insert in the desiredorientation and to confirm the absence of PCR errors. The resultingplasmid was designated pJfyS1604-55-13 (FIG. 17) and was used as thepyrG gene deletion cassette.

Example 14 Generation of Δtri5 ΔpyrG Fusarium Venenatum StrainJfyS1643-18-2

Fifty-one putative transformants of Fusarium venenatum JfyS1604-17-2(Δtri5), transformed with Not I-digested and gel-purifiedpJfyS1604-55-13 according to the procedure described in Example 1, weretransferred from transformation plates with sterile toothpicks to newplates containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 125 μg of hygromycinB per ml and 10 mM uridine and grown at 24-28° C. for 7 days.Transformants were then analyzed phenotypically by transferring a plugto each of two VNO₃RLMT plates, one with and one without uridine (10mM). Nine transformants displaying no or poor growth on the plateswithout uridine were then analyzed by Southern analysis. Genomic DNAfrom each of the 9 transformants was extracted as described in Example 2and 2 μg of each were digested with 28 units of Mfe I and 14 units ofDra I. A PCR probe to the 3′ flanking sequence of the pyrG gene wasgenerated as described in Example 11, with the following forward andreverse primers:

Forward primer: 5′-GGATCATCATGACAGCGTCCGCAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 49)Reverse primer: 5′-GGCATAGAAATCTGCAGCGCTCTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 50)

Southern analysis indicated that 2 of the 9 uridine auxotrophs harboredthe deletion cassette in a single copy while the remainder had sustainedectopic integrations of the cassette. One transformant, Fusariumvenenatum JfyS1604-85-5, was sporulated as described in Example 1 in RAmedium with 10 mM uridine, and 10⁵ spores were plated to a 150 mm platecontaining VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 50 μM FdU and 0.1 mMuridine. The spore isolates obtained were sub-cultured to a new platecontaining VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 10 μM FdU and 0.1 mMuridine and analyzed subsequently by Southern analysis to insure correctexcision from the genome.

The analyzed strains had all excised the cassette correctly and onestrain, Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-10-3, was sporulated as described inthe preceding paragraph. The spore concentration was determined using ahemocytometer and the stock solution diluted to a concentration of 40spores per ml. One ml was plated to 150 mm plates containing VNO₃RLMTmedium supplemented with 10 mM uridine. Resulting spore colonies weresub-cultured to a new plate containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with10 mM uridine and one spore isolate, Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-18-2(Δtri5 ΔpyrG), was used as the strain for deletion of the Fusariumvenenatum alpha-amylase A gene (amyA).

Example 15 Generation of the amyA Deletion Vector pJfyS1604-17-2

In order to obtain upstream and downstream flanking sequence informationfor complete removal of the Fusarium venenatum amyA gene (SEQ ID NO: 51for the DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 52 for the deduced amino acidsequence), a GENOME WALKER™ Universal Kit (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.,USA) was used. Each Fusarium venenatum A3/5 genomic DNA library,generated with the kit, was subjected to two rounds of PCR for the 5′flanking sequence using a 5′ gene-specific primer and a 5′ nested primershown below. The 3′ flanking sequence was obtained using a 3′gene-specific primer and a 3′ nested primer shown below.

5′ gene-specific primer: (SEQ ID NO: 53)5′-GAGGAATTGGATTTGGATGTGTGTGGAATA-3′ 5′ nested primer: (SEQ ID NO: 54)5′-GGAGTCTTTGTTCCAATGTGCTCGTTGA-3′ 3′ gene-specific primer:(SEQ ID NO: 55) 5′-CTACACTAACGGTGAACCCGAGGTTCT-3′ 3′ nested primer:(SEQ ID NO: 56) 5′-GCGGCAAACTAATGGGTGGTCGAGTTT-3′

The primary PCR reactions contained 1× HERCULASE® Reaction Buffer, 2 μlof each genomic DNA library (generated as described in the kit), 200 nMkit-supplied AP1 (adaptor primer 1), 200 nM gene specific primer(above), 200 μM dNTPs, and 2.5 units of HERCULASE® DNA polymerase in a50 μl reaction volume.

The primary amplifications were performed in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 7 cycles each at 94° C. for 25 seconds and 72° C. for 3minutes, and 32 cycles each at 94° C. for 25 seconds and 67° C. for 3minutes, and one cycle at 67° C. for 7 minutes.

The secondary PCR reaction contained 1× HERCULASE® Reaction Buffer, 1 μlof each primary PCR reaction (above), 200 nM kit-supplied AP2 (adaptorprimer 2), 200 nM gene specific nested primer (above), 200 μM dNTPs, and2.5 units of HERCULASE® DNA polymerase in a 50 μl reaction volume.

The secondary amplifications were performed in an EPPENDORF®MASTERCYCLER® programmed for 5 cycles each at 94° C. for 25 seconds, 72°C. for 3 minutes, and 20 cycles each at 94° C. for 25 seconds and 67° C.for 3 minutes, and one cycle at 67° C. for 7 minutes.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer. A fragment of approximately 0.7 kb was excised from the gel andpurified using a MINIELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit according to themanufacturer's instructions. The PCR product was sequenced directlyusing the corresponding nested primer described above and thekit-supplied primer 2. The obtained sequence was used to design primersto amplify a 1 kb region of the 5′ flanking sequence and a 0.7 kb regionof the 3′ flanking sequence of the amyA gene for insertion into theempty deletion vector pJfyS1579-41-11.

The amyA 3′ flanking sequence was PCR amplified from Fusarium venenatumA3/5 genomic DNA using forward and reverse primers shown below.

Forward primer: 5′-AAAAAAcctgcaggTAATGGGTGGTCGAGTTTAAAAGTA-3′(SEQ ID NO: 57) Reverse primer: 5′-AAAAAAcctgcagggcggccgcTTTAAGCATCATTTTTGACTACGCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 58)The underlined letters represent a Not I site for later beta-lactamaseremoval, and the italicized letters represent a Sbf I site for vectorcloning.

The PCR reaction contained 1× HERCULASE® Reaction Buffer, 120 ng ofgenomic DNA template, 400 nm primers, 200 μM dNTPs, and 2.5 units ofHERCULASE® DNA polymerase.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 10 cycles each at 94° C.for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute; and 20cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C.for 1 minute and 10 seconds.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer. A fragment of approximately 0.7 kb was excised from the gel andagarose extracted using a MINIELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The PCRfragment was digested with Sbf I to produce sticky ends. This fragmentwas inserted into Sbf I-linearized, calf intestine phosphatase-treateduniversal deletion vector pJfyS1579-41-11. The ligation reactioncontained 80 ng of vector, 80 ng of insert, 1× Quick Ligation ReactionBuffer, and 10 units of Quick T4 DNA Ligase in a 20 μl reaction volume.A 1.5 μl volume of the ligation reaction was used to transform 100 μl ofE. coli SURE® chemically competent cells according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. Clones were screened for insert orientation usingrestriction analysis with Eco RI and sequence analysis, which identifieda clone devoid of PCR errors. This plasmid was designated pJfyS1579-93-1(FIG. 18) and used as the recipient for insertion of the 5′ amyAflanking sequence.

The 5′ amyA flanking sequence was PCR amplified using forward andreverse primers shown below. The underlined bases represent a Not I sitefor bla gene removal and the other lower case letters represent a Pme Isite to insure the fragment was blunt for cloning into a blunt vectorsite.

Forward primer:5′-AAAAAAgtttaaacGCGGCCGCTTGATTATGGGATGACCCCAGACAAGTGGT-3′(SEQ ID NO: 59) Reverse primer:5′-AAAAAAgtttaaacCCGCACGAGCGTGTTTCCTTTTCATCTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 60)

The PCR amplification was similar to that described above except fordifferent cycling parameters. The amplification reaction was incubatedin an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2minutes; 10 cycles each at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds,and 72° C. for 1 minute 15 seconds; and 20 cycles each at 94° C. for 30seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute 15 seconds withan additional 10 seconds per subsequent cycle.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer. A fragment of approximately 1 kb was excised from the gel andagarose-extracted using a MINIELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The 1 kbfragment was digested with Pme I to create blunt ends and the insert wascloned into Pme I-digested, calf intestine phosphatase-dephosphorylatedpJfyS1579-93-1.

The ligation reaction contained 75 ng of vector, 100 ng of insert, 1×Quick Ligation Reaction Buffer, and 10 units of Quick T4 DNA Ligase in a20 μl reaction volume. After a 5 minute incubation, 2 μl of the ligationreaction were used to transform 100 μl of E. coli SURE® chemicallycompetent cells according to the manufacturer's instruction. Sequenceanalysis was used to confirm that the insert was in the correctorientation and the absence of PCR errors. The resulting vectoridentified was designated pJfyS1604-17-2 (FIG. 19).

Example 16 Generation of Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA Fusarium Venenatum StrainJfyS1643-95-4

Five putative transformants of Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-18-2 (Δtri5ΔpyrG), transformed with Not I-digested and gel-purified pJfyS1604-17-2according to the procedure described in Example 1, were transferred fromtransformation plates with sterile toothpicks to new plates containingVNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 125 μg of hygromycin B per ml and 10mM uridine and incubated at 24-28° C. for 7 days. For Southern analysis,2 μg of genomic DNA were digested with 25 units of Ssp I. A DIG probe tothe 5′ flanking sequence of the amyA gene was generated as described inExample 11 with forward and reverse primers shown below.

Forward primer: 5′-GGATCATCATGACAGCGTCCGCAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 61)Reverse primer: 5′-GGCATAGAAATCTGCAGCGCTCTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 62)

Southern analysis was performed as described in Example 2 and theresults indicated that two of the five transformants had a replacedcoding sequence with a single integration of the deletion cassette. Aprimary transformant designated Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-73-2 wassporulated as described in Example 1 and 10⁵ spores were plated to a 150mm diameter plate containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 50 μM FdUand 0.1 mM uridine. Spore isolates obtained were sub-cultured to a newplate containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 10 μM FdU and 0.1 mMuridine.

Two Fusarium venenatum spore isolates (JfyS1643-83-02 and JfyS1643-83-4)were spore purified once resulting in strains JfyS1643-95-1 andJfyS1643-95-2 (from JfyS1643-83-2) and Jfys1643-95-4 (fromJfyS1643-83-4). The original spore isolates picked from the FdU plates,as well as their respective one time spore-purified isolates, wereanalyzed by Southern analysis to insure correct excision from thegenome. All analyzed strains had excised the cassette correctly.Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-95-4 (Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA) was used as thestrain for deletion of the Fusarium venenatum alkaline protease A gene(alpA).

Example 17 Construction of Plasmid pEJG61

Plasmid pEJG61 (FIG. 20) was constructed as described in U.S. Pat. No.7,368,271, with the exception that the orientation of the bar cassettewas reversed (i.e., nucleotides 5901-5210 encode the amdS promoter,nucleotides 5209-4661 encode the bar coding sequence, and nucleotides4660-4110 encode the Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (AMG) terminator).

Example 18 Construction of Plasmid pEJG69

The Microdochium nivale lactose oxidase (LOx) gene (SEQ ID NO: 63 forthe DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 64 for the deduced amino acid sequence)was PCR amplified from pEJG33 (Xu et al., 2001, European Journal ofBiochemistry 268: 1136-1142) using forward and reverse primers shownbelow.

Forward Primer: 5′-CCCGCATGCGTTCTGCATTTATCTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 65)Reverse Primer: 5′-GGGTTAATTAATTATTTGACAGGGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 66)The underlined portions represent introduced Sph I (forward) or Pac I(reverse) sites for cloning.

The PCR contained 200 μM dNTPs, 1 μM each primer, 50 ng of pEJG33, 1×Pwo buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA), and 1 μl of Pwo Hot StartPolymerase (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) in a final volume of 50 μl.

The amplification reaction was incubated in a ROBOCYCLER® programmed for1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 10 cycles each at 95° C. for 30seconds, 55° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute; 20 cycles eachat 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 1minutes with an additional 20 second extension for each subsequentcycle; and 1 cycle at 50° C. for 10 minutes.

PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAEbuffer. A fragment of approximately 1.5 kb was excised from the gel andagarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit.

The lactose oxidase gene was re-amplified using the same conditions andpurified as described above, except that the polymerase and buffer werereplaced with Taq DNA polymerase and Taq DNA Polymerase Buffer,respectively, and the gel-purified PCR product above was used astemplate. The PCR product was cloned into pCR®2.1 using a TOPO® TACloning Kit and sequenced to insure the absence of PCR errors. Theresulting error-free plasmid was digested with Sph I, treated with T4DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA), purifiedusing a QIAQUICK® Nucleotide Removal Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.,USA), and digested with Pac I. The fragment was purified by 1% agarosegel electrophoresis in TAE buffer, and a fragment of approximately 1.5kb was excised from the gel and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® GelExtraction Kit.

Plasmid pEJG61 was digested with Bsp LU11I, treated with Klenow DNApolymerase (New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA) according tothe manufacturer's directions, and then digested with Pac I. Thedigested plasmid was purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer and a 8 kb fragment was excised and agarose-extracted using aQIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit.

The LOx coding sequence was ligated to the Bsp LU11I- and Pac I-digestedpEJG61 using T4 DNA Ligase according to the manufacturer's directions.Plasmids were screened by sequence analysis to insure the absence of PCRerrors and a resulting plasmid was identified and designated pEJG69(FIG. 21).

Example 19 Construction of Plasmid pEJG65

Plasmid pEJG61 (Example 17) was digested with Bsp LU11I, treated withKlenow DNA polymerase, and digested with Pac I. The digested plasmid wasisolated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and a 8.1 kbfragment was excised and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® GelExtraction Kit.

The Candida antarctica lipase A coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 67 for theDNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 68 for the deduced amino acid sequence) wasPCR amplified from pMT1229 (WO 94/01541) using forward and reverseprimers shown below.

Forward primer: 5′-GCATGCGAGTGTCCTTGCGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 69)Reverse primer: 5′-TTAATTAACTAAGGTGGTGTGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 70)

The PCR reaction contained 200 μM dNTPs, 1 μM each primer, 20 ng ofpMT1229, 1× Pwo buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA), and 1 μl of PwoHot Start Polymerase.

The amplification reaction was incubated in a ROBOCYCLER® programmed for1 cycle at 94° C. for 2 minutes; 10 cycles each at 94° C. for 30seconds, 55° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute; 17 cycles eachat 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 1minutes with an additional 20 second extension for each subsequentcycle; and 1 cycle at 72° C. for 10 minutes.

PCR products were isolated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer and a 1.4 kb fragment was excised and agarose extracted using aQIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit. The PCR fragment was cloned into pCR®2.1using a TOPO® TA Cloning Kit and sequenced to verify the absence of PCRerrors.

Due to the presence of an internal Sph I site in the coding sequence ofthe gene, the Candida antarctica lipase A coding sequence was liberatedfrom pCR®2.1 as two separate fragments by separate digestions. Toliberate the first fragment (1 kb), the plasmid was digested with Sph Iand treated with T4 DNA polymerase. The polymerase was heat-inactivatedfor 10 minutes at 75° C. and the plasmid was digested with Nhe I. Thesecond fragment (0.4 kb) was liberated from the plasmid with a Nhe I/PacI digestion. Both digestions were subjected to 1% agarose gelelectrophoresis in TAE buffer and a 1 kb fragment from the Sph I/Nhe Idigestion and a 0.4 kb fragment from the Nhe I/Pac I digestion wereexcised and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit. Thetwo fragments were ligated to digested pEJG61 using T4 DNA ligase. Theligation reaction contained 1× Ligation Buffer (New England BiolabsInc., Ipswich, Mass., USA), 100 ng of the 1 kb fragment above, 50 ng ofthe 0.4 kb fragment, 50 ng of digested pEJG61, and 10 units of T4 DNAligase. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 16 hours andused to transform E. coli XL10-GOLD® Ultra-competent cells according tomanufacturer's instructions. Transformants were screened by sequenceanalysis and one clone containing a plasmid with the desired error-freecoding sequence was identified and designated pEJG65 (FIG. 22).

Example 20 Construction of Plasmid pMStr19

Plasmid pMStr19 was constructed by cloning a Fusarium oxysporumphospholipase gene from pA2Ph10 (WO 1998/26057) into the Fusariumvenenatum expression vector pDM181 (WO 2000/56900). PCR amplificationwas used to isolate the phospholipase gene on a convenient DNA fragment.

The Fusarium oxysporum phospholipase gene was specifically amplifiedfrom pA2Ph10 using standard amplification conditions with Pwo DNApolymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Basel, Switzerland) and anannealing temperature of 45° C. with the primers shown below.

PLMStr10: (SEQ ID NO: 71) 5′-TCAGATTTAAATATGCTTCTTCTACCACTCC-3′        SwaI PLMStr11: (SEQ ID NO: 72)5′-AGTCTTAATTAAAGCTAGTGAATGAAAT-3′

The resulting DNA fragment was gel-purified and digested with Swa I.Plasmid pDM181 was also digested with Swa I and dephosphorylated. TheDNA fragments were then ligated together to produce plasmid pMStr18.

The phospholipase gene in two individual E. coli transformants ofpMStr18, #4, and #17 generated using the ligation mixture, weresequenced using standard primer walking methods. Both had acquiredsingle point mutations at different positions in the gene. The mutationswere separated by a Nar I site, which cleaves pMStr18 twice. Anerror-free phospholipase gene was therefore assembled in the Fusariumexpression vector pDM181 by digesting both pMStr18#4 and pMStr18#17 withNar I, isolating the error-free fragments, and ligating them together toproduce pMStr19 (FIG. 23). The phospholipase sequence in pMStr19 wasconfirmed using standard methods.

Example 21 Construction of Plasmid pEJG49

The Fusarium venenatum expression vector pEJG49 was generated bymodification of pSheB1 (WO 2000/56900). The modifications included (a)removal of one Bsp LU11I site within the pSheB1 sequence bysite-directed mutagenesis; (b) removal of 850 bp of the Fusariumoxysporum trypsin promoter; (c) introduction of a Bsp LU11I site, byligation of a linker, to aid in the insertion of the 2 kb Fusariumvenenatum glucoamylase promoter; and (d) introduction of a Fusariumoxysporum phospholipase gene.

Removal of the Bsp LU11I site within the pSheB1 sequence wasaccomplished using a QUIKCHANGE® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit accordingto the manufacturer's instructions with the following pairs ofmutagenesis primers:

5′-GCAGGAAAGAACAAGTGAGCAAAAGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 73)5′-GCCTTTTGCTCACTTGTTCTTTCCTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 74)This created pSheB1 intermediate 1.

Removal of 930 bp of the Fusarium oxysporum trypsin promoter wasaccomplished by digesting pSheB1 intermediate 1 (6,971 bp) with Stu Iand Pac I, subjecting the digest to 1% agarose gel electrophoresis usingTBE buffer, excising the 6,040 bp vector fragment, and purifying theexcised fragment with a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit. To introduce a newBsp LU11I site, a linker was created using the following primers:

5′-dCCTACATGTTTAAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 75)       Bsp Lu11I5′-dTAAACATGTAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 76)

Each primer (2 μg each) was heated at 70° C. for 10 minutes and thencooled to room temperature over an hour. This linker was ligated intothe Stu I-Pac I-digested pSheB1 intermediate 1 vector fragment, creatingpSheB1 intermediate 2. Vector pSheB1 intermediate 2 was then digestedwith Bsp Lu11I and Pac I. The digested vector was purified by 1% agarosegel electrophoresis in TBE buffer, excised from the gel, andagarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit.

The Fusarium oxysporum phospholipase gene fragment was also generated byPCR using pMSTR19 as template. The following PCR primers were used tointroduce a Sph I site at the 5′ end and a Pac I site at the 3′ end ofthe gene:

5′-GGGGGCATGCTTCTTCTACCACTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 77)         Sph I5′-GGGGTTAATTAAGAGCGGGCCTGGTTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 78)         Pac I

The conditions for PCR and purification were performed as above. Thephospholipase gene fragment was cloned into pCR®-TOPO® according to themanufacturer's instructions. The pCR®-TOPO® phospholipase clone was thendigested with Sph I and treated with T4 DNA polymerase to remove theprotruding 3′ termini. The fragment was purified using QIAQUICK®Nucleotide Removal Kit and digested with Pac I. The digestion waspurified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TBE buffer and a 1 kb bandwas excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel ExtractionKit.

Plasmid pSheb1 intermediate 2 (above) was digested with Stu I and BspLu11I and purified using a QIAQUICK® Nucleotide Removal Kit. Thefragment was then ligated to a 2 kb Stu I-Bsp Lu11I Fusarium venenatumglucoamylase promoter fragment (WO 2000/056900). This vector, known aspSheb1 intermediate 3, was digested with Bsp Lu11I, treated with Klenowfragment to fill in the 5′ overhang, digested with Pac I, and purifiedusing a QIAQUICK® Nucleotide Removal Kit. The fragment was then ligatedto the Sph I, blunt-Pac I Fusarium oxysporum phospholipase fragment(described above). The resulting vector, designated pEJG49 (FIG. 24),harbored the phospholipase reporter gene under the transcriptionalcontrol of the Fusarium venenatum glucoamylase promoter.

Example 22 Construction of Plasmid pEmY15

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to remove one of each of the Eco RIand Not I restriction sites from expression plasmid pEJG49 and renderthese restriction sites flanking the bialaphos resistance marker (bargene) unique. The mutagenesis was completed using forward and reverseprimers shown below and a QUIKCHANGE® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit.

Forward primer: 5′-cctgcatggccgcCgccgcCaattcttacaaaccttcaacagtgg-3′(SEQ ID NO: 79) Reverse primer:5′-ccactgttgaaggtttgtaagaattGgcggcGgcggccatgcagg-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 80)The uppercase letters indicate the desired changes and the resultingplasmid was designated pEmY15 (FIG. 25).

Example 23 Construction of Plasmid pEmY24

In order to replace the bar gene in expression plasmid pEmY15 with theFusarium venenatum pyrG gene, the following protocol was performed.Plasmid pEmY15 was digested with Eco RI and Not I and purified by 1%agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer. A 7.1 kb fragment was excisedand agarose extracted using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit.

A 2.3 kb fragment of the pyrG gene was PCR amplified from pDM156.2 usingforward and reverse primers shown below.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 81)5′-ATAAGAATgcggccgcTCCAAGGAATAGAATCACT-3′ Reverse primer:(SEQ ID NO: 82) 5′-CGgaattcTGTCGTCGAATACTAAC-3′The bold sequence corresponds to an introduced Not I site and Eco RIsite for the forward and reverse primers, respectively.

The amplification reaction was composed of 1× ThermoPol Buffer (NewEngland Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass., USA), 200 μM dNTPs, 31 ng of pDM156.2,1 μM each primer, and 1 unit of VENT® DNA polymerase in a final volumeof 50 μl.

The reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® programmed for1 cycle at 95° C. for 3 minutes; 30 cycles each at 95° C. for 30seconds, 55° C. for 1 minute; and 72° C. for 3 minutes; and 1 cycle at72° C. for 7 minutes.

PCR products were isolated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer and a 2.3 kb fragment was excised and agarose-extracted using aMINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit. The fragment was then digested with Eco RIand Not I and the digestion reaction purified using a MINELUTE® ReactionCleanup Kit. The fragment was ligated to Not I/Eco RI-digested pEmY15using T4 DNA ligase according to the manufacturer's instructions. Theligation mixture was transformed into E. coli XL1-Blue sub-cloning-gradecompetent cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) according to themanufacturer's instructions. Transformants were sequenced to insure theabsence of PCR errors and a plasmid was identified containing anerror-free pyrG fragment. The resulting plasmid was designated pEmY24(FIG. 26).

Example 24 Construction of Plasmid pDM257

Plasmid pEmY24 (Example 23) was digested with Afl II and Sna BI. A 6.5kb fragment was purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer, excised from the gel, and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK®Gel Extraction Kit. Plasmid pEJG65 was digested with Afl II and Sna BI.A 3.3 kb fragment was purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAEbuffer, excised from the gel, and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK®Gel Extraction Kit.

The two fragments were ligated together using T4 DNA ligase according tothe manufacturer's instructions. The ligation mixture was transformedinto E. coli XL1-Blue sub-cloning-grade competent cells according to themanufacturer's instructions. Transformants were screened by sequenceanalysis and a clone was identified containing a plasmid with thedesired fragments. The resulting plasmid was designated pDM257 (FIG.27).

Example 25 Construction of Plasmid pDM258

Plasmid pDM257 was digested with Sca I and Afl II and purified by 1%agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and a 4.1 kb fragment wasexcised from the gel and agarose-extracted using a QIAQUICK® GelExtraction Kit. Plasmid pEJG69 was also digested with Sca I and Afl IIand purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and a 5.8kb fragment was excised from the gel and agarose-extracted as above.

The two fragments were ligated together using T4 DNA ligase according tothe manufacturer's instructions. The ligation mixture was transformedinto E. coli XL1-Blue sub-cloning-grade competent cells according to themanufacturer's instructions. Transformants were screened by sequenceanalysis and the desired plasmid was identified and designated pDM258(FIG. 28).

Example 26 Expression of Lactose Oxidase in Fusarium Venenatum StrainJfyS1643-95-4

Protoplasts of Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-95-04 Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA) weregenerated as described in Example 1. The protoplasts were thentransformed according to the procedure described in Example 1 withpDM258, harboring the Microdochium nivale lactose oxidase expressionvector, to evaluate the expression potential of the Fusarium venenatumJfyS1643-95-04 strain. Transformants were grown in shake flasks asdescribed in Example 21 except that the flasks were incubated for fivedays at 28° C. with shaking at 200 rpm.

The shake flask broths were assayed for lactose oxidase activity usingan activity assay in conjunction with a BIOMEK® 3000, (Beckman Coulter,Inc, Fullerton, Calif., USA). The lactose oxidase assay was a modifiedversion of the Glucose Oxidase Assay Procedure (K-Glox) (Megazyme,Wicklow, Ireland). Culture supernatants were diluted appropriately in0.1 M MOPS buffer pH 7.0 (sample buffer) followed by a series dilutionfrom 0-fold to 1/3-fold to 1/9-fold of the diluted sample. A lactoseoxidase standard (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) was diluted using2-fold steps starting with a 0.056 mg/ml concentration and ending with a0.007 mg/ml concentration in the sample buffer. A total of 20 μl of eachdilution including standard was transferred to a 96-well flat bottomplate. One hundred microliters of a POD solution (Peroxidase, 4AA,stabilizers in potassium phosphate buffer pH 7 plus p-hydroxybenzoicacid and sodium azide) were added to each well followed by addition of100 μl of glucose substrate (0.5 M glucose in sample buffer). The rateof reaction was measured at ambient temperature (approximately 26° C.)at 510 nm for a total of 10 minutes. Sample concentrations weredetermined by extrapolation from a standard curve generated usinglactose oxidase as a standard. The highest producing lactose oxidasetransformants were selected for growth and analysis in 2 literfermenters.

The fermentation medium (pH 6) was composed per liter of 20 g of soyaflour, 20 g of sucrose, 2.0 g of MgSO₄.7H₂O, 2.0 g of anhydrous KH₂PO₄,2.0 g of K₂SO₄, 5.0 g of (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1.0 g of citric acid, 0.5 ml of 200×AMG trace metals solution (no nickel), and 0.5 ml of pluronic acid witha 20% maltose feed. The fermentations were run at 29.0+/−1.0° C., 1200rpm, and 1.0 vvm aeration where % DO was maintained above 30%.

Fermentation broths were assayed for alpha-amylase activity using anAlpha-Amylase Assay Kit (Megazyme International Ireland Ltd., Wicklow,Ireland) in conjunction with a BIOMEK® 3000 and BIOMEK® NX (BeckmanCoulter, Inc, Fullerton Calif., USA). Fermentation broths were assayedfor lactose oxidase activity as described above.

The resulting top transformant, Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-95-04, hadequivalent lactose oxidase production levels to other Fusarium venenatumtransformants without the deletions in 2 liter fermenters (FIG. 29)indicating that deletion of the amyA gene did not have a negative impacton heterologous protein production. The deletion did, however, abolishalpha-amylase activity in the culture broth of this strain and all laterstrains in this lineage (FIG. 30). Since this transformant hadequivalent heterologous protein production capacity to the currentproduction strain, and reduced alpha-amylase levels during fermentation,Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-95-04 host strain was selected for deletionof an alkaline protease A gene (alpA).

Example 27 Generation of the Fusarium Venenatum Alkaline Protease A(alpA) Deletion Vector pJfyS1698-72-10

Upstream flanking sequence for use in the complete removal of theFusarium venenatum A3/5 alkaline protease A (alpA) gene (SEQ ID NO: 83for the DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 84 for the deduced amino acidsequence) was obtained using a GENOME WALKER™ Universal Kit. Eachlibrary generated with the kit was subjected to two rounds of PCR forthe 5′ flanking sequence using a 5′ gene-specific primer and a 5′ nestedprimer shown below.

5′ gene-specific primer: (SEQ ID NO: 85)5′-GAGGAATTGGATTTGGATGTGTGTGGAATA-3′ 5′ nested primer: (SEQ ID NO: 86)5′-GGAGTCTTTGTTCCAATGTGCTCGTTGA-3′

Sequence information was obtained from the PCR product using a NestedAdaptor Primer supplied with the GENOME WALKER™ Universal Kit and the 5′nested primer above. The obtained sequence was used to design primers toamplify a 1 kb region of the 5′ alpA flanking sequence for insertioninto the empty deletion vector pJfyS1579-41-11

The alpA 5′ flanking sequence was PCR amplified from Fusarium venenatumA3/5 genomic DNA using region-specific forward and reverse primers shownbelow. The underlined letters represent a Not I site, for later removalof the pCR®2.1 portion of the vector, and the italicized lettersrepresent an Asc I site for vector cloning.

Forward primer: 5′-aaaaaaggcgcgcc gcggccgcGTTACGGTGTTCAAGTACATCTTACA-3′(SEQ ID NO: 87) Reverse primer:5′-aaaaaaggcgcgccATTGCTATCATCAACTGCCTTTCTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 88)

The amplification reaction contained 1× HERCULASE® Reaction Buffer, 120ng of genomic DNA, 400 nm primers, 200 μM dNTPs, and 2.5 units ofHERCULASE® DNA polymerase.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles each at 94° C.for 30 seconds, 56° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute 10seconds; and 1 cycle at 72° C. for 7 minutes.

A 5 μl portion of the amplified reaction was visualized by 1% agarosegel electrophoresis using TAE buffer to insure the reaction had producedthe desired 1 kb band. The insert was then directly cloned into pCR®2.1from the amplification reaction using a TOPO® TA Cloning Kit accordingto the manufacturer's instructions. Transformants were screened byrestriction analysis with Eco RI to insure the presence of the insertand 5 correct preparations were combined. The insert was liberated frompCR®2.1 by digestion with Asc I and the fragment was purified by agarosegel electrophoresis as described above. The insert was cloned into AscI-linearized pJfyS1579-41-11 using a QUICK LIGATION™ Kit and theligation mixture used to transform E. coli SURE® chemically competentcells according to the manufacturer's protocol. Transformants werescreened by sequence analysis to insure the absence of PCR errors. Oneplasmid containing the flanking sequence without errors was designatedpJfyS1698-65-15 (FIG. 31) and used to insert the 3′ flanking sequence.

The 3′ flanking sequence of the alpA gene was amplified from Fusariumvenenatum A3/5 genomic DNA using region specific forward and reverseprimers shown below. The underlined letters represent a Not I site, forlater beta-lactamase removal, and the italicized letters represent a SbfI site for vector cloning.

Forward primer: 5′-aaaaacctgcaggGGATGTGTGTGGAATAGGATATG-3′(SEQ ID NO: 89) Reverse primer: 5′-aaaaacctgcagggcggccgcCCTCAAGGTGGAGAAATAATCTGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 90)

The PCR reaction contained 1× HERCULASE® Reaction Buffer, 120 ng ofgenomic DNA template, 400 nm primers, 200 μM dNTPs, and 2.5 units ofHERCULASE® DNA polymerase.

The amplification reaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER®programmed for 1 cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles each at 94° C.for 30 seconds, 56° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute 10seconds; and 1 cycle at 72° C. for 7 minutes.

A 5 μl portion of the amplified reaction was visualized on a 1% agarosegel in TAE buffer to insure the reaction had produced the desired 1 kbband. The 1 kb insert, directly from the PCR reaction, was then clonedinto pCR®2.1 using a TOPO® TA Cloning Kit. The resulting plasmid wassequenced to identify a colony containing the correct sequence. Thefragment was then liberated from this plasmid by Sbf I digestion andpurified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer. A 1 kb bandwas excised and agarose-extracted using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit.

This fragment was then ligated to Sbf I linearized pJfyS1698-65-15(treated with calf intestine phosphatase) using a QUICK LIGATION™ Kitand the ligation mixture was used to transform E. coli SURE® chemicallycompetent cells according to the manufacturer's instructions.Transformants were screened by restriction analysis with Not I to insurethe fragment had been inserted in the correct orientation and sequencedto insure no deviations from the expected sequence. The resultingplasmid pJfyS1698-72-10 (FIG. 32) was used for deletion of the alpAgene.

Example 28 Generation of tri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA ΔalpA Fusarium VenenatumStrain JfyS1763-11-1

Three transformants of Fusarium venenatum JfyS1643-95-4 (Δtri5 ΔpyrGΔamyA) (Example 16) transformed with Not I-digested and gel-purifiedpJfyS1698-72-10 according to the procedure described in Example 1 weretransferred from transformation plates with sterile toothpicks to newplates containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 125 μg of hygromycinB per ml and 10 mM uridine and incubated at room temperature for 7 days.For Southern analysis, 2 μg of Fusarium venenatum genomic DNA from eachof the 3 transformants were digested with 34 units of Sph I. A DIG probeto the 5′ flanking sequence of the alpA gene was generated according tothe method described in Example 11 using the forward and reverse primersshown below.

Forward primer: 5′-GCACGTTAGGCTCAAGCCAGCAAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 91)Reverse primer: 5′-GAGGCTCATGGATGTGGCGTTAATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 92)

Southern analysis performed as described in Example 11 indicated thatone of the three transformants contained a single copy of the deletioncassette at the alpA gene locus and this transformant was designatedFusarium venenatum JfyS1698-83-2.

Fusarium venenatum JfyS1698-83-2 was sporulated as described in Example1 and 10⁵ spores were plated onto a 150 mm diameter plate containingVNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 50 μM FdU and 0.1 mM uridine. Sporeisolates obtained were sub-cultured to a new plate containing VNO₃RLMTmedium supplemented with 10 μM FdU and 0.1 mM uridine. The resultingspore isolates were analyzed by Southern analysis as described inExample 2 and one spore isolate was identified that had correctlyexcised the cassette. The isolate was designated Fusarium venenatumJfyS1698-94-04. Fusarium venenatum JfyS1698-94-04 was spore-purifiedonce as described in Example 11 and one spore isolate was picked anddesignated Fusarium venenatum JfyS1763-11-01 (Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA ΔalpA).

Protoplasts of Fusarium venenatum JfyS1763-11-01 were generated andtransformed as described in Example 1 with pDM258. Transformants wereanalyzed as described in Example 26 and shake flask broths were assayedfor alkaline protease activity. A PROTAZYME® AK tablet (Megazyme,Wicklow, Ireland) was suspended in 2.0 ml of 0.01% TRITON® X-100 bygentle stirring. Five hundred microliters of this suspension and 500 μlof assay buffer supplied with the PROTAZYME® AK tablet were mixed in anEPPENDORF® tube and placed on ice. Twenty microliters of protease sample(diluted in 0.01% TRITON® X-100) were added. The assay was initiated bytransferring the EPPENDORF® tube to an EPPENDORF® thermomixer, which wasset to the assay temperature. The tube was incubated for 15 minutes onthe EPPENDORF® thermomixer at 1300 rpm. The incubation was stopped bytransferring the tube back to an ice bath. Then the tube was centrifugedat 16,000×g in an ice cold centrifuge for a few minutes and 200 μl ofsupernatant was transferred to a microtiter plate. The absorbance at 650nm was read as a measure of protease activity.

As with the amyA deletion, deletion of the alpA gene did not have apositive impact on lactose oxidase expression. However, the alkalineprotease side activity in the fermentation supernatants was reduced10-fold (FIG. 33).

Example 29 Generation of the dps1 Deletion Vector pJfyS111

The 3′ flanking sequence for the Fusarium venenatum depsipeptidesynthase (dpsI) gene (SEQ ID NO: 93 for the DNA sequence and SEQ ID NO94 for the deduced amino acid sequence) was PCR amplified from Fusariumvenenatum JfyS1763-11-01 genomic DNA using the forward and reverseprimers shown below. The underlined portion in the primer represents theintroduced Sbf I site for cloning and the italicized portion correspondsto an introduced Not I site for later beta-lactamase removal.

Forward primer: 5′-GACTAAGCCCTGCAGGTTGGTCTCAATCGTCGCGACAG-3′(SEQ ID NO: 95) Reverse primer: 5′-AGTCTACCCCTGCAGGCGGCCGCTGGCATCGGTGGACGTAACACGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 96)

The amplification reaction contained 1× HERCULASE® Reaction Buffer, 400nM each primer, 200 μM dNTPs, 100 ng of genomic DNA, and 1.5 units ofHERCULASE® DNA polymerase in a final volume of 50 μl. The amplificationreaction was incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® programmed for 1cycle at 95° C. for 2 minutes; 25 cycles each at 95° C. for 30 seconds,57° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute and 20 seconds; and 1cycle at 72° C. for 7 minutes.

The amplification reaction was purified using a MINELUTE® PCRPurification Kit. The purified reaction was then digested with Sbf I andsubmitted to 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer. A 1 kbband was excised from the gel and agarose-extracted using a MINELUTE®Gel Extraction Kit. The digested vector was then ligated to SbfI-digested pJfyS1579-41-11 (Example 12) (which had been dephosphorylatedwith calf intestine phosphatase) using a QUICK LIGATION™ Kit accordingto the manufacturer's suggested protocols. Resulting clones wereanalyzed by restriction analysis with Eco RI (to check for insertpresence and orientation) and sequence analysis (to insure the absenceof PCR errors), and the resulting plasmid was designated pJfyS1879-32-2(FIG. 34).

In order to obtain flanking sequence on the 5′ end of the dps1 gene, aGENOME WALKER™ Universal Kit was used as described in Example 15 withgene-specific and gene-specific nested primers shown below.

Gene-Specific primer: (SEQ ID NO: 97)5′-GCTATTGAGGGGACTATCTCCATGACTACA-3′ Gene-Specific nested primer:(SEQ ID NO: 98) 5′-GCCTACCATCGACAGCAGTAAGATATTCC-3′

The 5′ dps1 flanking sequence was amplified from Fusarium venenatumJfyS1763-11-1 genomic DNA using forward and reverse primers indicatedbelow. The underlined portion in the forward primer represents anintroduced Asc I site for cloning and the italicized portion correspondsto an introduced Not I site for later beta-lactamase removal. Theamplification reaction and cycling parameters were identical to thosedescribed above except the primers used were those below, the annealingtemperature used was 53° C., and the extension time was 1 minute and 15seconds.

Forward primer: 5′-ATGTGCTACAGGCGCGCCGCGGCCGCGAGTTCCAACATGTCTTATTATCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 99) Reverse primer:5′-TACTGTACCGGCGCGCCATCTGAGCCAAGAGACTCATTCAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 100)

The PCR reaction was purified using a MINELUTE® PCR Purification Kit.The purified reaction was digested with Asc I, and subjected to 1%agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer. A 0.7 kb band was excisedfrom the gel and agarose-extracted as described above. The 0.7 kb bandwas ligated to pJfyS1879-32-2 (digested with Asc I and dephosphorylatedwith calf intestine phosphatase) using a QUICK LIGATION™ Kit. Resultingclones were analyzed by sequence analysis to insure the absence of PCRerrors, and the resulting plasmid was designated pJfyS111 (FIG. 35) andused to delete the Fusarium venenatum dps1 gene.

Example 30 Generation of Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA ΔalpA Δdps1 FusariumVenenatum Strain JfyS1879-57-01

When Fusarium venenatum JfyS1763-11-01 protoplasts were transformed withNot I-digested and gel-purified pJfyS111 (according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1), 77 transformants were obtained. Of those 48were transferred from transformation plates with sterile toothpicks tonew plates containing VNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 125 μg ofhygromycin B per ml and 10 mM uridine and incubated at room temperaturefor 7 days.

Fungal biomass was produced by inoculating 25 ml of M400 mediumsupplemented with 10 mM uridine with four 1 cm agar plugs from 7 day oldtransformants generated as described in Example 1. The cultures wereincubated for 3 days at 28° C. with shaking at 150 rpm. Agar plugs wereremoved and the cultures were filtered through MIRACLOTH™. Harvestedbiomass was frozen with liquid nitrogen and the mycelia were groundusing a mortar and pestle.

Genomic DNA was isolated using a DNEASY® Plant Maxi Kit according to themanufacturer's instructions, except the lytic incubation period at 65°C. was extended to 1.5 hours from 10 minutes.

Two μg of genomic DNA were digested with 28 units each of Nco I and SpeI in a 50 μl reaction volume at 37° C. for 22 hours. The digestion wassubjected to 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer. The DNA wasfragmented in the gel by treating with 0.25 M HCl, denatured with 1.5 MNaCl-0.5 M NaOH, neutralized with 1.5 M NaCl-1 M Tris pH 8, and thentransferred in 20×SSC to a NYTRAN® Supercharge nylon membrane using aTURBOBLOTTER™ Kit. The DNA was UV cross-linked to the membrane using aUV STRATALINKER™ and pre-hybridized for 1 hour at 42° C. in 20 ml of DIGEasy Hyb.

A DIG probe to the 3′ flanking sequence of the dps1 gene was generatedaccording to the method described in Example 11 using the forward andreverse primers shown below.

Forward primer: 5′-CTTGACTATTATCTCACGTTGTCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 101)Reverse primer: 5′-TCAAGTGTTGTGTAATGTTGGAACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 102)

Southern analysis performed as described in Example 11 indicated thatthree of the 8 transformants contained the deletion fragment in a singlecopy at the dps1 locus. One was named Fusarium venenatum JfyS1879-43-05.

Southern analysis indicated that three of the 8 transformants containedthe deletion fragment in a single copy at the dps1 locus. One of thesewas named Fusarium venenatum JfyS1879-43-5.

Fusarium venenatum JfyS1879-43-5 was sporulated as described in Example1 and 10⁵ spores were plated onto a 150 mm diameter plate containingVNO₃RLMT medium supplemented with 50 μM FdU and 0.1 mM uridine. Sporeisolates obtained were sub-cultured to new plates containing VNO₃RLMTmedium supplemented with 50 μM FdU and 0.1 mM uridine. The resultingspore isolates were analyzed by Southern analysis as described inExample 2 and one spore isolate was identified that had correctlyexcised the cassette. The isolate was designated Fusarium venenatumJfyS1879-52-3. Fusarium venenatum JfyS1879-52-3 was spore purified onceas described in Example 11 and one spore isolate was picked anddesignated Fusarium venenatum JfyS1879-57-1 (Δtri5 ΔpyrG ΔamyA ΔalpAΔdps1).

The present invention is further described by the following numberedparagraphs:

[1] A method of producing a polypeptide, comprising:

(a) cultivating a mutant of a parent Fusarium venenatum strain in amedium for the production of the polypeptide, wherein the mutant straincomprises a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide and one or more(several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, andalpA, wherein the one or more (several) genes are modified rendering themutant strain deficient in the production of one or more (several)enzymes selected from the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease, respectively,compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated underidentical conditions; and

(b) recovering the polypeptide from the cultivation medium.

[2] The method of paragraph 1, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene.

[3] The method of paragraph 1, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of an amyA gene.

[4] The method of paragraph 1, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of an alpA gene.

[5] The method of paragraph 1, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene and an amyA gene.

[6] The method of paragraph 1, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene and an alpA gene.

[7] The method of paragraph 1, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of an amyA gene and an alpA gene.

[8] The method of paragraph 1, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene, an amyA gene, and an alpA gene.

[9] The method of any of paragraphs 1-8, wherein the mutant strainfurther comprises one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1, wherein theone or both of the genes are modified rendering the mutant straindeficient in the production of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthaseand cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to theparent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions.

[10] The method of paragraph 9, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a tri5 gene.

[11] The method of paragraph 9, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a dps1 gene.

[12] The method of paragraph 9, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a tri5 gene and a dps1 gene.

[13] The method of any of paragraph 9-12, wherein the mutant strainproduces at least 25% less of the one or both enzymes of trichodienesynthase and cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[14] The method of any of paragraph 9-12, wherein the mutant strain iscompletely deficient in the one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[15] The method of any of paragraphs 1-14, wherein the polypeptide isnative or foreign to the Fusarium venenatum strain.

[16] The method of paragraph 15, wherein the polypeptide is selectedfrom the group consisting of an antigen, enzyme, growth factor, hormone,immunodilator, neurotransmitter, receptor, reporter protein, structuralprotein, and transcription factor.

[17] The method of paragraph 16, wherein the enzyme is anoxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase.

[18] The method of any of paragraphs 1-17, wherein the mutant straincomprises at least two copies of the polynucleotide encoding thepolypeptide.

[19] The method of any of paragraphs 1-18, wherein the mutant strainproduces at least 25% less of the one or more (several) enzymes selectedfrom the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[20] The method of any of paragraphs 1-18, wherein the mutant strain iscompletely deficient in the one or more (several) enzymes selected fromthe group consisting of an orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[21] The method of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the pyrG geneencoding a polypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylaseactivity is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 43 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 43.

[22] The method of paragraph 21, wherein the pyrG gene encodes apolypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activitycomprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44 or a fragment thereof havingorotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity.

[23] The method of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the amyA geneencoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activity is selected fromthe group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 52;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 51 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 51.

[24] The method of paragraph 23, wherein the amyA gene encodes apolypeptide having alpha-amylase activity comprising or consisting ofSEQ ID NO: 52 or a fragment thereof having alpha-amylase activity.

[25] The method of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the alpA geneencoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activity is selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 84;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 83 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 83.

[26] The method of paragraph 25, wherein the alpA gene encodes apolypeptide having alkaline protease activity comprising or consistingof SEQ ID NO: 84 or a fragment thereof having alkaline proteaseactivity.

[27] The method of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the tri5 geneencoding a polypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity is selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having trichodiene synthase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 20;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 19 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 19.

[28] The method of paragraph 27, wherein the tri5 gene encodes apolypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity comprising orconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 20 or a fragment thereof having trichodienesynthase activity.

[29] The method of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the dps1 geneencoding a polypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activityis selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 94;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 93 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 93.

[30] The method of paragraph 29, wherein the dps1 gene encodes apolypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity comprisingor consisting of SEQ ID NO: 94 or a fragment thereof havingcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity.

[31] A mutant of a parent Fusarium venenatum strain, comprising apolynucleotide encoding a polypeptide and one or more (several) genesselected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, and alpA, wherein theone or more (several) genes are modified rendering the mutant straindeficient in the production of one or more (several) enzymes selectedfrom the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease, respectively, compared to theparent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions.

[32] The mutant strain of paragraph 31, which comprises a modificationof a pyrG gene.

[33] The mutant strain of paragraph 31, which comprises a modificationof an amyA gene.

[34] The mutant strain of paragraph 31, which comprises a modificationof an alpA gene.

[35] The mutant strain of paragraph 31, which comprises a modificationof a pyrG gene and an amyA gene.

[36] The mutant strain of paragraph 31, which comprises a modificationof a pyrG gene and an alpA gene.

[37] The mutant strain of paragraph 31, which comprises a modificationof an amyA gene and an alpA gene.

[38] The mutant strain of paragraph 31, which comprises a modificationof a pyrG gene, an amyA gene, and an alpA gene.

[39] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-38, which furthercomprises one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1, wherein the one orboth of the genes are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient inthe production of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[40] The mutant strain of paragraph 39, which comprises a modificationof a tri5 gene.

[41] The mutant strain of paragraph 39, which comprises a modificationof a dps1 gene.

[42] The mutant strain of paragraph 39, which comprises a modificationof a tri5 gene and a dps1 gene.

[43] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 39-42, which produces atleast 25% less of the one or both enzymes of trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[44] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 39-42, which is completelydeficient in the one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[45] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-44, wherein thepolypeptide is native or foreign to the Fusarium venenatum strain.

[46] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-45, wherein thepolypeptide is selected from the group consisting of an antigen, enzyme,growth factor, hormone, immunodilator, neurotransmitter, receptor,reporter protein, structural protein, and transcription factor.

[47] The mutant strain of paragraph 46, wherein the enzyme is anoxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase.

[48] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-47, which produces atleast 25% less of the one or more (several) enzymes selected from thegroup consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[49] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-47, which is completelydeficient in the one or more (several) enzymes selected from the groupconsisting of an orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[50] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-49, wherein the pyrG geneencoding a polypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylaseactivity is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 43 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 43.

[51] The mutant strain of paragraph 50, wherein the pyrG gene encodes apolypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activitycomprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44 or a fragment thereof havingorotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity.

[52] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-49, wherein the amyA geneencoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activity is selected fromthe group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 52;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 51 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 51.

[53] The mutant strain of paragraph 52, wherein the amyA gene encodes apolypeptide having alpha-amylase activity comprising or consisting ofSEQ ID NO: 52 or a fragment thereof having alpha-amylase activity.

[54] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-49, wherein the alpA geneencoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activity is selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 84;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 83 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 83.

[55] The mutant strain of paragraph 54, wherein the alpA gene encodes apolypeptide having alkaline protease activity comprising or consistingof SEQ ID NO: 84 or a fragment thereof having alkaline proteaseactivity.

[56] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-49, wherein the tri5 geneencoding a polypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity is selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having trichodiene synthase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 20;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 19 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 19.

[57] The mutant strain of paragraph 56, wherein the tri5 gene encodes apolypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity comprising orconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 20 or a fragment thereof having trichodienesynthase activity.

[58] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-49, wherein the dps1 geneencoding a polypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activityis selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 94;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 93 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 93.

[59] The mutant strain of paragraph 58, wherein the dps1 gene encodes apolypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity comprisingor consisting of SEQ ID NO: 94 or a fragment thereof havingcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity.

[60] The mutant strain of any of paragraphs 31-59, which comprises apolynucleotide encoding a polypeptide foreign to the mutant strain.

[61] A method for obtaining a mutant of a parent Fusarium venenatumstrain, comprising:

(a) modifying one or more (several) genes selected from the groupconsisting of pyrG, amyA, and alpA; and

(b) identifying a mutant strain from step (a) wherein the one or more(several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, andalpA are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient in theproduction of one or more (several) enzymes selected from the groupconsisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase,and alkaline protease, respectively, compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[62] The method of paragraph 61, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene.

[63] The method of paragraph 61, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of an amyA gene.

[64] The method of paragraph 61, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of an alpA gene.

[65] The method of paragraph 61, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene and an amyA gene.

[66] The method of paragraph 61, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene and an alpA gene.

[67] The method of paragraph 61, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of an amyA gene and an alpA gene.

[68] The method of paragraph 61, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a pyrG gene, an amyA gene, and an alpA gene.

[69] The method of any of paragraphs 61-68, further comprising modifyingone or both of the genes tri5 and dps1, rendering the mutant straindeficient in the production of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthaseand cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to theparent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions.

[70] The method of paragraph 69, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a tri5 gene.

[71] The method of paragraph 69, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a dps1 gene.

[72] The method of paragraph 69, wherein the mutant strain comprises amodification of a tri5 gene and a dps1 gene.

[73] The method of any of paragraphs 69-72, wherein the mutant strainproduces at least 25% less of the one or both enzymes of trichodienesynthase and cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[74] The method of any of paragraphs 69-72, wherein the mutant strain iscompletely deficient in the one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[75] The method of any of paragraphs 61-74, wherein the mutant strainproduces at least 25% less of the one or more (several) enzymes selectedfrom the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.

[76] The method of any of paragraphs paragraph 61-74, wherein the mutantstrain is completely deficient in the one or more (several) enzymesselected from the group consisting of an orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease compared to theparent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions.

[77] The method of any of paragraphs 61-76, wherein the pyrG geneencoding a polypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylaseactivity is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 43 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 43.

[78] The method of paragraph 77, wherein the pyrG gene encodes apolypeptide having orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activitycomprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44 or a fragment thereof havingorotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity.

[79] The method of any of paragraphs 61-76, wherein the amyA geneencoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activity is selected fromthe group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having alpha-amylase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 52;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 51 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 51.

[80] The method of paragraph 79, wherein the amyA gene encodes apolypeptide having alpha-amylase activity comprising or consisting ofSEQ ID NO: 52 or a fragment thereof having alpha-amylase activity.

[81] The method of any of paragraphs 61-76, wherein the alpA geneencoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activity is selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having alkaline protease activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 84;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 83 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 83.

[82] The method of paragraph 81, wherein the alpA gene encodes apolypeptide having alkaline protease activity comprising or consistingof SEQ ID NO: 84 or a fragment thereof having alkaline proteaseactivity.

[83] The method of any of paragraphs 61-76, wherein the tri5 geneencoding a polypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity is selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having trichodiene synthase activitycomprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 20;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 19 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 19.

[84] The method of paragraph 83, wherein the tri5 gene encodes apolypeptide having trichodiene synthase activity comprising orconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 20 or a fragment thereof having trichodienesynthase activity.

[85] The method of any of paragraphs 61-76, wherein the dps1 geneencoding a polypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activityis selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a gene encoding a polypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 94;

(b) a gene that hybridizes under at least low stringency conditions with(i) SEQ ID NO: 93 or its full-length complementary strand; and

(c) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 93.

[86] The method of paragraph 85, wherein the dps1 gene encodes apolypeptide having cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity comprisingor consisting of SEQ ID NO: 94 or a fragment thereof havingcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase activity.

The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scopeby the specific aspects herein disclosed, since these aspects areintended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Anyequivalent aspects are intended to be within the scope of thisinvention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition tothose shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilledin the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are alsointended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the case ofconflict, the present disclosure including definitions will control.Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties.

1. A method of producing a polypeptide, comprising: (a) cultivating amutant of a parent Fusarium venenatum strain in a medium for theproduction of the polypeptide, wherein the mutant strain comprises apolynucleotide encoding the polypeptide and one or more (several) genesselected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, and alpA, wherein theone or more (several) genes are modified rendering the mutant straindeficient in the production of one or more (several) enzymes selectedfrom the group consisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase,alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease, respectively, compared to theparent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions; and (b) recovering the polypeptide from the cultivationmedium.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mutant strain furthercomprises one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1, wherein the one orboth of the genes are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient inthe production of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions. 3.The method of claim 2, wherein the mutant strain produces at least 25%less of the one or both enzymes of trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.
 4. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the mutant strain is completely deficient inthe one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase and cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultivated under identical conditions.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinthe polypeptide is native or foreign to the Fusarium venenatum strain.6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mutant strain produces at least25% less of the one or more (several) enzymes selected from the groupconsisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase,and alkaline protease compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strainwhen cultivated under identical conditions.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the mutant strain is completely deficient in the one or more(several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of anorotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultivated under identical conditions.
 8. A mutant of a parent Fusariumvenenatum strain, comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide andone or more (several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG,amyA, and alpA, wherein the one or more (several) genes are modifiedrendering the mutant strain deficient in the production of one or more(several) enzymes selected from the group consisting oforotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease, respectively, compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strainwhen cultivated under identical conditions.
 9. The mutant strain ofclaim 8, which further comprises one or both of the genes tri5 and dps1,wherein the one or both of the genes are modified rendering the mutantstrain deficient in the production of one or both enzymes trichodienesynthase and cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared tothe parent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions.
 10. The mutant strain of claim 9, which produces at least25% less of the one or both enzymes of trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.
 11. Themutant strain of claim 9, which is completely deficient in the one orboth enzymes trichodiene synthase and cyclohexadepsipeptide synthetasecompared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated underidentical conditions.
 12. The mutant strain of claim 8, wherein thepolypeptide is native or foreign to the Fusarium venenatum strain. 13.The mutant strain of claim 8, which produces at least 25% less of theone or more (several) enzymes selected from the group consisting oforotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultivated under identical conditions.
 14. The mutant strain of claim 8,which is completely deficient in the one or more (several) enzymesselected from the group consisting of an orotidine-5′-monophosphatedecarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkaline protease compared to theparent Fusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identicalconditions.
 15. A method for obtaining a mutant of a parent Fusariumvenenatum strain, comprising: (a) modifying one or more (several) genesselected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, and alpA; and (b)identifying a mutant strain from step (a) wherein the one or more(several) genes selected from the group consisting of pyrG, amyA, andalpA are modified rendering the mutant strain deficient in theproduction of one or more (several) enzymes selected from the groupconsisting of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase,and alkaline protease, respectively, compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, further comprising modifying one or both of thegenes tri5 and dps1, rendering the mutant strain deficient in theproduction of one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase, respectively, compared to the parentFusarium venenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.17. The method of claim 16, wherein the mutant strain produces at least25% less of the one or both enzymes of trichodiene synthase andcyclohexadepsipeptide synthetase compared to the parent Fusariumvenenatum strain when cultivated under identical conditions.
 18. Themethod of claim 16, wherein the mutant strain is completely deficient inthe one or both enzymes trichodiene synthase and cyclohexadepsipeptidesynthetase compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultivated under identical conditions.
 19. The method of claim 15,wherein the mutant strain produces at least 25% less of the one or more(several) enzymes selected from the group consisting oforotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultivated under identical conditions.
 20. The method of claim 15,wherein the mutant strain is completely deficient in the one or more(several) enzymes selected from the group consisting of anorotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase, alpha-amylase, and alkalineprotease compared to the parent Fusarium venenatum strain whencultivated under identical conditions.